Qodobka 56aad: Barium

1. Hordhac curiyeBarium,
Curiyaha birta dhulka alkaline, oo leh astaanta kiimikada Ba, waxay ku dhex taal Kooxda IIA ee xilliga lixaad ee miiska xilliyeedka. Waa jilicsan, qalin cad dhalaalaysa birta dhulka alkaline iyo curiyaha ugu firfircoon ee biraha dhulka alkaline. Magaca curiyaha wuxuu ka yimid erayga Giriigga beta alpha ρύς (barys), oo macneheedu yahay "culus".

2. Helidda Taariikh Kooban
Sulfide-yada biraha alkaline-ka ah waxay muujinayaan phosphorescence, taasoo la macno ah inay sii wadaan inay iftiimiyaan iftiinka muddo wakhti gudcur ah ka dib markay iftiinka soo baxaan. Xeryahooda Barium waxay bilaabeen inay soo jiitaan dareenka dadka si sax ah sababtoo ah sifadan. Sannadkii 1602-dii, nin kabo-sameeyayaal ah oo lagu magacaabo Casio Lauro oo ku nool magaalada Bologna ee dalka Talyaaniga, ayaa ku dubay barite ay ku jiraan barium sulfate oo ay la socdaan walxo guban kara, waxaanu ogaaday in mugdiga gudcurka ku jiro uu iftiimin karo, taas oo kicisay culimadii xilligaas. Later, dhagax noocan oo kale ah ayaa loo yaqaan 'polonite' waxayna kicisay xiisaha farmashiistaha Yurub ee cilmi-baarista falanqaynta. Sanadkii 1774 kii, farmashiistaha Iswiidhishka CW Scheele wuxuu ogaaday in barium oxide ay tahay carro cusub oo culus, taas oo uu ugu yeeray "Baryta" (carro culus). Sanadkii 1774, Scheler wuxuu rumaysnaa in dhagaxani uu ahaa isku-dhafka ciidda cusub (oxide) iyo sulfuric acid. Sannadkii 1776-kii, waxa uu kululeeyay Nitrate-ka ciiddan cusub si uu u helo carro saafi ah (oxide). Sannadkii 1808 kii, kiimiistii Ingiriiska ee H. Davy wuxuu u adeegsaday meerkuri sida cathode iyo platinum oo ah anode si ay u soo saarto barite (BaSO4) si ay u soo saarto barium amalgam. Ka dib markii la nadiifiyo si meesha looga saaro meerkuriga, waxaa la helay bir nadiif ah oo hooseeya waxaana loogu magac daray ereyga Giriigga ee barys (culus). Astaanta curiyaha waxa loo dejiyay sida Ba, oo loo yaqaanbarium.

3. Qalabka jirka
Bariumwaa bir cad oo qalin ah oo leh dhibic dhalaalaysa 725 ° C, barta karkarinta 1846 ° C, cufnaanta 3.51g/cm3, iyo ductility. Macdanta ugu muhiimsan ee barium waa barite iyo arsenopyrite.

4,Bariumwaa curiye kiimiko leh astaamo kiimiko.
Astaanta kiimikada Ba, lambarka atomiga 56, waxay ka tirsan tahay nidaamka xilliyeedka ee kooxda IIA waana xubin ka mid ah biraha dhulka alkaline. Barium waxa ay leedahay firfircooni kiimikaad oo aad u weyn waana ka ugu firfircoon biraha dhulka alkaline. Laga soo bilaabo awoodda iyo tamarta ionization, waxaa la arki karaa in barium uu leeyahay dib-u-celin xooggan. Dhab ahaantii, haddii kaliya la tixgeliyo luminta elektarooniga ugu horreeya, barium waxay leedahay dib u dhigista ugu xooggan biyaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, way adag tahay in barium ay lumiso elektarooniga labaad. Sidaa darteed, iyadoo la tixgelinayo dhammaan qodobbada, dib-u-dhiska barium ayaa si weyn u yaraan doona. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah biraha ugu firfircoon ee xalalka acidic, labaad oo kaliya lithium, cesium, rubidium, iyo potassium.

5.Main xeryahooda
1). Barium oxide ayaa si tartiib ah hawada ugu oksaydhsiiya si uu u sameeyo barium oxide, kaas oo ah kareem cubic oo aan midab lahayn. Ku milmay aashitada, oo aan lagu milmi karin acetone iyo biyaha ammonia. Waxay ku falcelisaa biyo si ay u sameeyaan barium hydroxide, taas oo ah sun. Marka la gubo, waxay sii daysaa olol cagaaran oo waxay abuurtaa barium peroxide.
2). Barium peroxide waxay la falgashaa sulfuric acid si ay u soo saarto hydrogen peroxide. Dareen-celintani waxay ku salaysan tahay mabda'a diyaarinta hydrogen peroxide ee shaybaarka.
3). Barium hydroxide waxay la falgashaa biyo si ay u soo saarto barium hydroxide iyo gaaska hydrogen. Sababtoo ah milanka hooseeya ee barium hydroxide iyo tamarta sare ee sublimation, falcelinta ma aha mid aad u daran sida biraha alkali, iyo barium hydroxide ka soo baxa ayaa qarin doona aragtida. Qadar yar oo kaarboon laba ogsaydh ah ayaa la soo dhexgeliyaa xalka si loo sameeyo qulqulka barium carbonate, iyo kaarboon laba ogsaydh oo dheeraad ah ayaa la soo bandhigaa si loo milo da'da barium carbonate oo soo saarta barium bicarbonate-ka milmay.
4). Amino barium waxay ku milmi kartaa ammonia dareere ah, taas oo dhalinaysa xal buluug ah oo leh paramagnetism iyo conductivity, kaas oo asal ahaan sameeya ammonia electrons. Kaydinta muddada dheer ka dib, hydrogen-ka ku jira ammonia waxaa lagu dhimi doonaa gaasta hydrogen by ammonia electrons, iyo falcelinta guud waa barium oo ka falcelinaysa ammonia dareere ah si ay u soo saarto amino barium iyo gaaska hydrogen.
5). Barium sulfite waa crystal cad ama budo, sun ah, in yar oo biyo ah ku milma, oo si tartiib tartiib ah oksaydh loogu daraa barium sulfate marka la geliyo hawada. Ku milmi asiidh xooggan oo aan oksaydhayn sida hydrochloric acid si aad u dhaliso gaasta sulfur dioxide oo leh ur ur daran. Marka aad la kulanto asiidh-oxidizing sida nitric acid milmi, waxa loo rogi karaa barium sulfate.
6). Barium sulfate waxay leedahay sifooyin kiimikaad oo deggan, qaybta barium sulfate ee ku milmay biyaha ayaa gebi ahaanba ionized, taasoo ka dhigaysa koronto xoog leh. Barium sulfate waa mid aan lagu milmi karin nitric acid. Inta badan loo isticmaalo sida wakiilka isbarbardhiga caloosha iyo mindhicirka.
Kaarboonayumka Barium waa sun oo ku dhawaad ​​aan lagu milmi karin biyaha qabow Waxay la falgashaa sodium sulfate si ay u soo saarto roob cad oo aan milmi karin oo barium sulfate - isbeddelka beddelka ee u dhexeeya da'da xalalka aqueous: way fududahay in loo beddelo jihada aan la xallin karin.

6. Goobaha Codsiga
1. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa ujeedooyinka warshadaha ee soo saarista barium cusbada, alloys, rashka, reactors nuclear, iwm sidoo kale waa deoxidizer aad u fiican sifaynta copper. Si ballaaran loo isticmaalo daawaha, oo ay ku jiraan rasaas, kalsiyum, magnesium, sodium, lithium, aluminium, iyo nikkel alloys. Birta Barium waxa loo isticmaali karaa walxo degis ah si looga saaro gaasaska raadadka ee tuubooyinka faakuumka iyo tuubooyinka rayiga ee cathode, iyo sidoo kale wakiilka degesa sifaynta biraha. Nitrate Barium oo lagu qaso chlorate potassium, budada magnesium, iyo rosin ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu sameeyo ololka calaamadaha iyo rashka. Xeryahooda barium milmaya ayaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa sida cayayaanka, sida barium chloride, si loo xakameeyo cayayaanka kala duwan ee dhirta. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa sifaynta brine iyo kuleyliyaha biyaha wax soo saarka soodhaha ee elektrolytic. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa diyaarinta pigments. Warshadaha dharka iyo maqaarku waxay u isticmaalaan sidii mordant iyo wakiilka matting silk macmal ah.
2. Barium sulfate oo loo isticmaalo daawaynta waa dawo caawisa baadhista raajada. budo cad oo aan ur lahayn oo aan dhadhamin, walax siin karta kala duwanaansho wanaagsan oo jidhka ah inta lagu jiro baaritaanka raajada. Barium sulfate caafimaadku kuma nuugo mareenka caloosha iyo mindhicirka mana keeno dareen-celin xasaasiyadeed. Kuma jiraan xeryahooda barium milmaya sida barium chloride, barium sulfide, iyo barium carbonate. Inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa sawirka caloosha, marmarka qaarkood loo isticmaalo ujeedooyin kale oo baaritaan ah

7. Habka diyaarinta
Wax soo saarka warshadaha eebarium macdan ahwaxa loo qaybiyaa laba tillaabo: soo saarida barium oxide iyo biraha yaraynta kulaylka (yaraynta kulaylka aluminium). 1000-1200 ℃,barium macdan ahwaxaa lagu heli karaa iyadoo la dhimo barium oxide leh aluminium macdan ah, ka dibna lagu nadiifiyo vacuum distillation. Habka dhimista kulaylka aluminium ee soo saarista barium bir ah: Saamiyada kala duwan ee maaddooyinka awgeed, waxaa jiri kara laba falcelin oo hoos u dhaca aluminium ee barium oxide. Isla'egta falcelintu waa: labada falcelin waxay soo saari karaan oo kaliya qadar yar oo barium ah 1000-1200 ℃. Sidaa darteed, bamka faakuumka waa in la isticmaalo si joogto ah uga wareejinta uumiga barium aagga falcelinta una gudbiso aagga qaboojinta si fal-celintu ay ugu sii socoto dhanka midig. Hadhaaga falcelinta ka dib waa sun waxayna u baahan tahay in la daweeyo ka hor intaan la tuurin