Terbiumwaxay ka tirsan tahay qaybta culusdhul dhif ah, oo leh tiro yar oo qolof dhulka ah oo kaliya 1.1 ppm. Terbium oxide waxay ka dhigan tahay in ka yar 0.01% wadarta dhulalka naadir ah. Xataa nooca yttrium ion-ga sare ee nooca culus ee naadirka dhulka oo leh nuxurka ugu sarreeya ee terbium, waxa ku jira terbium kaliya waxa ay ka dhigan tahay 1.1-1.2% wadarta guud ee dhulka naadirka ah, taas oo muujinaysa in ay ka tirsan tahay qaybta "sharafta" ee curiyeyaasha dhulka naadir ah. In ka badan 100 sano tan iyo markii la helay terbium 1843, yaraanteeda iyo qiimaheeda ayaa ka hortagay codsigeeda wax ku oolka ah muddo dheer. Kaliya 30-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay ayay terbium muujisay kartideeda gaarka ah.
Helitaanka Taariikhda
Farmashiistaha Iswiidhishka ah ee Carl Gustaf Mosander wuxuu helay terbium 1843. Wuxuu ka helay wasakhdeedaYttrium(III) oxideiyoY2O3. Yttrium waxaa loogu magac daray tuulada Ytterby ee dalka Iswiidan. Ka hor inta aysan soo bixin tiknoolajiyada is-dhaafsiga ion, terbium kuma go'doomin qaabkeeda saafiga ah.
Mosant ayaa markii ugu horeysay u qaybiyay Yttrium(III) oxide saddex qaybood, dhamaantood waxaa loogu magac daray macdanta: Yttrium(III) oxide,Erbium(III) oxideiyo terbium oxide. Terbium oxide wuxuu asal ahaan ka kooban yahay qayb casaan ah, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay curiyaha hadda loo yaqaan erbium. "Erbium(III) oxide" (oo ay ku jiraan waxa aan hadda ugu yeerno terbium) ayaa asal ahaan ahaa qaybta aan midabka lahayn ee xalka. Okssaydhka aan milmi karin ee curiyahan waxa loo arkaa bunni.
Shaqaaluhu markii danbe si dhib leh ayay u eegi kari waayeen "Erbium(III) oxide" oo aan midab lahayn, laakiin qaybta casuuska ee milma waa la iska indhatiray. Doodaha ku saabsan jiritaanka Erbium (III) oxide ayaa soo noqnoqday. Fawdada, magacii asalka ahaa ayaa la beddelay, magacyadii la isweydaarsanayayna waa la xayiray, sidaas darteed qaybta casaanka ayaa ugu dambeyntii lagu sheegay xal ka kooban erbium (xalka, wuxuu ahaa casaan). Hadda waxaa la rumeysan yahay in shaqaalaha isticmaala sodium bisulfate ama Potassium sulfate ay qaataanCerium (IV) oxideka baxsan Yttrium(III) oxide oo si aan ula kac ahayn u rogo terbium sediment ka kooban cerium. Kaliya 1% ee asalka Yttrium (III) oxide, oo hadda loo yaqaan "terbium", ayaa ku filan inay u gudbiso midab huruud ah Yttrium (III) oxide. Sidaa darteed, terbium waa qayb labaad oo markii hore ku jirtay, waxaana gacanta ku haya deriskeeda dhow, gadolinium iyo dysprosium.
Ka dib, mar kasta oo walxaha kale ee dhifka ah ee dhulka laga sooco isku dhafkan, iyada oo aan loo eegin saamiga oksaydhka, magaca terbium waa la hayaa ilaa ugu dambeyntii, oksaydhka brown ee terbium ayaa la helay qaab saafi ah. Cilmi-baarayaasha qarnigii 19-aad ma isticmaalin tignoolajiyada ultraviolet fluorescence si ay u eegaan qanjidhada jaalaha ah ama cagaarka ah (III), taas oo u sahlaysa terbium in lagu aqoonsado isku-dhafka adag ama xalalka.
Habaynta korantada
Habaynta korantada:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Qaabaynta Electron ee terbium waa [Xe] 6s24f9. Caadi ahaan, kaliya saddex elektaroonig ah ayaa laga saari karaa ka hor inta aan kharashka nukliyeerka noqonin mid aad u weyn oo lagu sii kordhin karo ionized, laakiin kiiska terbium, terbium semi-buuxiyay ayaa u oggolaanaya elektarooniga afaraad in la sii kordhiyo iyada oo ay joogaan oksaydhiyeyaasha aadka u xoogan sida gaaska fluorine.
Terbium waa bir bir ah oo naadirka ah oo cad oo leh ductility, adayg, iyo jilicsanaan lagu gooyn karo mindi. Barta dhalaalka 1360 ℃, barta karkarinta 3123 ℃, cufnaanta 8229 4kg/m3. Marka la barbardhigo hore ee Lanthanide, waxay ku xasilan tahay hawada. Sida curiyaha sagaalaad ee Lanthanide, terbium waa bir leh koronto xooggan. Waxay la falgashaa biyo si ay u samayso hydrogen.
Dabeecadda, terbium waligeed looma helin inuu yahay curiye bilaash ah, qadar yar oo ka mid ah kaas oo ku jira phosphocerium thorium ciid iyo Gadolinite. Terbium waxay la nool yihiin walxo kale oo naadir ah oo dhulka ku jira ciidda monazite, oo leh guud ahaan 0.03% ka kooban terbium. Ilaha kale waa Xenotime iyo macdanta dahabka madow ee dhifka ah, labaduba waa isku dhafka oksaydhyada waxayna ka kooban yihiin ilaa 1% terbium.
Codsiga
Codsiga terbium inta badan waxay ku lug leedahay beeraha teknoolajiyada sare, kuwaas oo ah tignoolajiyada degdega ah iyo aqoonta mashaariicda goynta degdega ah, iyo sidoo kale mashruucyo leh faa'iidooyin dhaqaale oo muhiim ah, oo leh rajooyin horumarineed oo soo jiidasho leh.
Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee codsiga waxaa ka mid ah:
(1) Loo adeegsaday qaab dhulyo dhif ah oo isku dhafan. Tusaale ahaan, waxa loo isticmaalaa sida bacriminta isku jira dhul dhif ah iyo quudin lagu daro beeraha.
(2) Dhaqdhaqaaqa budada cagaaran ee saddexda budo ee fluorescent aasaasiga ah. Qalabka casriga ah ee optoelectronic waxay u baahan yihiin isticmaalka saddex midab oo aasaasi ah oo fosfoor ah, kuwaas oo kala ah casaan, cagaar, iyo buluug, kuwaas oo loo isticmaali karo in lagu sameeyo midabyo kala duwan. Iyo terbium waa qayb aan laga maarmi karin oo ku jira budo badan oo cagaar ah oo tayo sare leh.
(3) Loo isticmaalo sidii agab kaydinta indhaha ee magneto. Amorphous biraha terbium biraha daawaynta filimada khafiifka ah ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo soo saaro wax-qabadka magneto-optical discs.
(4) Wax soo saarka magneto muraayadda indhaha. Muraayadaha wareega ee Faraday oo ay ku jiraan terbium waa shay muhiim ah oo lagu soo saaro wareegtada, go'doominta, iyo wareegayaasha tignoolajiyada laysarka.
(5) Horumarinta iyo horumarinta terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) ayaa furay codsiyada cusub ee terbium.
Dhanka beeraha iyo xanaanada xoolaha
Dhulka naadirka ah ee terbium wuxuu wanaajin karaa tayada dalagyada wuxuuna kordhin karaa heerka photosynthesis ee kala duwanaansho gaar ah. Dhismayaasha Terbium waxay leeyihiin firfircooni bayooloji oo sarreeya. Dhismayaasha ternary ee terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3 · 3H2O, waxay leeyihiin saamayn bakteeriyada iyo bakteeriyada wanaagsan Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis iyo Escherichia coli. Waxay leeyihiin spectrum bakteeriyada ballaaran. Daraasadda dhismooyinka noocan oo kale ah waxay siisaa jihada cilmi-baarista cusub ee dawooyinka bakteeriyada casriga ah.
Loo isticmaalo berrinkii luminescence
Qalabka casriga ah ee optoelectronic waxay u baahan yihiin isticmaalka saddex midab oo aasaasi ah oo fosfoor ah, kuwaas oo kala ah casaan, cagaar, iyo buluug, kuwaas oo loo isticmaali karo in lagu sameeyo midabyo kala duwan. Iyo terbium waa qayb aan laga maarmi karin oo ku jira budo badan oo cagaar ah oo tayo sare leh. Haddii dhalashada midabka naadirka ah ee TV-ga budada fluorescent cas ay kicisay baahida yttrium iyo europium, markaa codsiga iyo horumarinta terbium waxaa kor u qaaday dhul dhif ah oo saddex midab ah oo buluug ah oo cagaaran ah oo loogu talagalay nalalka. Horraantii 1980-aadkii, Philips waxa uu ikhtiraacay laambadkii ugu horreeyay ee tamarta-badbaadinta tamarta ee adduunka si degdeg ahna u dalacsiiyay caalamka. Tb3+ions waxay soo saari kartaa iftiin cagaaran oo leh mowjad dhererkeedu yahay 545nm, iyo ku dhawaad dhammaan fosfoorrada cagaaran ee dhifka ah ee dhulka waxay u adeegsadaan terbium firfircooni ahaan.
Fosfoor cagaaran oo loogu talagalay tube-cathode ray ee TV-ga midabka (CRT) ayaa had iyo jeer ku salaysan Zinc sulfide, taas oo ah mid raqiis ah oo hufan, laakiin budada terbium ayaa had iyo jeer loo isticmaali jiray fosfoor cagaaran oo loogu talagalay TV-ga midabka, oo ay ku jiraan Y2SiO5 ∶ Tb3+, Y3 ( Al, Ga) 5O12 ∶ Tb3+iyo LaOBr ∶ Tb3+. Iyada oo la horumarinayo shaashad weyn oo talefishin qeexan sare leh (HDTV), wax qabad sare leh budo fluorescent cagaaran oo loogu talagalay CRTs ayaa sidoo kale la soo saarayaa. Tusaale ahaan, budada fluorescent cagaaran ee isku-dhafka ah ayaa lagu sameeyay dibedda, oo ka kooban Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, iyo Y2SiO5: Tb3+, kuwaas oo leh waxtarka iftiinka iftiinka sare ee cufnaanta hadda.
Budada fluorescent ee raajada dhaqameed waa calcium tungstate. Sannadihii 1970-aadkii iyo 1980-aadkii, fosfooraska naadirka ah ee dhulka ee loogu talagalay xoojinta shaashadaha ayaa la sameeyay, sida terbium activated sulfur Lanthanum oxide, terbium activated bromine Lanthanum oxide (loogu talagalay shaashadaha cagaaran), terbium activated sulfur Yttrium (III) oxide leh calcium Comparstate, iwm. budada fluorescent ee naadirka ah waxay yarayn kartaa wakhtiga Shucaaca raajada ee bukaanada 80%, waxay wanaajisaa xallinta filimada raajada, waxay kordhisaa cimriga tubooyinka raajada, waxayna yareysaa isticmaalka tamarta. Terbium waxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa sidii firfircoone budo fluorescent ah oo loogu talagalay shaashadaha kor u qaadista raajada, taas oo si weyn u wanaajin karta dareenka u beddelashada raajada ee sawirada indhaha, hagaajinta caddaynta filimada raajada, oo aad u yaraynaysa qiyaasta soo-gaadhista ee X-ray-ga. fallaadhaha ku dhaca jidhka bini'aadamka (in ka badan 50%).
Terbium sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii firfircooniye ee fosfoor cad oo LED ah oo ku faraxsan iftiinka buluuga ah ee iftiinka semiconductor cusub. Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo saaro terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal fosfoor, iyadoo la isticmaalayo diodes iftiinka buluuga ah sida ilaha iftiinka kicinta, iyo fluorescence-ka soo baxa ayaa lagu qasi karaa iftiinka kicinta si loo soo saaro iftiin cad oo saafi ah.
Qalabka elektiroonigga ah ee ka samaysan terbium inta badan waxaa ka mid ah Zinc sulfide fosfoor cagaaran oo leh terbium sida firfircooniye. Marka la eego shucaaca ultraviolet, dhismayaasha dabiiciga ah ee terbium waxay soo saari karaan fluorescence cagaaran oo xoog leh waxaana loo isticmaali karaa sida qalabka elektiroonigga ah ee khafiifka ah. In kasta oo horumar la taaban karo lagu sameeyay daraasadda filimada khafiifka ah ee elektroluminescent adag ee dhulka, haddana waxaa jira farqi gaar ah oo ka timaadda wax-ku-oolnimada, iyo cilmi-baarista dhulka naadir-ka ah ee filimada khafiifka ah ee korantada dabiiciga ah iyo aaladaha weli waa qoto dheer.
Sifooyinka fluorescence ee terbium ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sida baarayaasha fluorescence. Tusaale ahaan, Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) fluorescence probe ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu barto isdhexgalka ka dhexeeya Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) complex iyo DNA (DNA) iyadoo loo eegayo spectrum fluorescence iyo nuugista spectrum, taas oo muujinaysa in Ofloxacin Tb3+probe ay samayn karto jeexdin ku xidhan DNA molecules. DNA-da waxay si weyn u wanaajin kartaa fluorescence of Ofloxacin nidaamka Tb3+ Iyada oo ku saleysan isbeddelkan, DNA ayaa la go'aamin karaa.
Qalabka indhaha ee magneto
Walxaha leh saamaynta Faraday, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan qalabka magneto-optical, ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa laysarka iyo qalabka kale ee indhaha. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo caan ah oo ah agabka indhaha ee magneto: magneto optical crystals iyo magneto optical glass. Waxaa ka mid ah, crystals magneto-optical (sida Yttrium iron garnet iyo terbium gallium garnet) waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka la hagaajin karo inta jeer ee hawlgalka iyo xasiloonida kulaylka sare, laakiin waa qaali oo ay adag tahay in la soo saaro. Intaa waxaa dheer, kiristaalo magneto-optical badan oo leh xagal wareeg ah oo Faraday sare leh ayaa nuugista sare leh ee kala duwanaanshaha hirarka gaaban, taas oo xaddidaysa isticmaalkooda. Marka la barbar dhigo magneto muraayadaha indhaha, muraayadda indhaha ee magneto waxay leedahay faa'iidada gudbinta sare waxayna fududahay in laga sameeyo baloogyo waaweyn ama fiilooyinka. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, muraayadaha magneto-optical oo leh saameyn sare oo Faraday ah ayaa badanaa ah muraayadaha ion-ka ee dhulka hoostiisa ah.
Loo isticmaalo agabka kaydinta indhaha ee magneto
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, iyada oo horumarka degdega ah ee warbaahinta badan iyo automation-ka xafiiska, baahida loo qabo saxanadaha magnetic awoodda sare ee cusub ayaa sii kordhayay. Amorphous bir terbium aflaanta daawaynta biraha kala guurka ah ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu soo saaro wax-qabadka sare ee magneto-optical discs. Waxaa ka mid ah, filimka khafiifka ah ee TbFeCo wuxuu leeyahay waxqabadka ugu fiican. Qalabka magneto-optical-ka ku salaysan ee Terbium ayaa la soo saaray si baaxad weyn, iyo saxanadaha magneto-optical discs ee iyaga laga sameeyay ayaa loo isticmaalaa sida qaybaha kaydinta kombiyuutarka, iyadoo awoodda kaydinta ay kordheen 10-15 jeer. Waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka awoodda weyn iyo xawaaraha gelitaanka degdega ah, waxaana la tirtiri karaa oo la dahaadhi karaa tobanaan kun oo jeer marka loo isticmaalo saxanadaha indhaha ee cufnaanta sare leh. Waxay yihiin agab muhiim u ah tignoolajiyada kaydinta macluumaadka elegtarooniga ah. Qalabka magneto-optical-ka ah ee inta badan loo isticmaalo qaybaha muuqda iyo kuwa u dhow ee infrared waa Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) hal crystal, taas oo ah qalabka ugu fiican ee magneto-optical ee samaynta wareegyada Faraday iyo go'doominta.
Wixii muraayad indhaha ah ee magneto
Faraday magneto muraayadda indhaha waxay leedahay daahfurnaan wanaagsan iyo isotropy ee gobollada muuqda iyo kuwa infrared, waxayna samayn karaan qaabab kala duwan oo adag. Way fududahay in la soo saaro badeecooyin baaxad weyn waxaana loo jiidi karaa fiilooyinka indhaha. Sidaa darteed, waxay leedahay rajooyin codsi oo ballaadhan oo ku saabsan aaladaha indhaha ee magneto sida magneto optical isolators, modulators magneto optical, iyo dareemayaasha hadda fiber optic. Iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay daqiiqadeeda magnetic weyn iyo isugeynta nuugista yar ee kala duwanaanshaha muuqda iyo infrared-ka, Tb3+ions waxa ay noqdeen kuwo caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ion dhulka naadirka ah ee muraayadaha indhaha ee magneto.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Dhammaadkii qarnigii 20-aad, iyada oo qoto-dheeraanta kacaanka sayniska iyo tignoolajiyada adduunka, qalabka cusub ee dhifka ah ee dhulka ayaa si degdeg ah u soo baxaya. 1984, Jaamacadda Gobolka Iowa ee Mareykanka, Ames Laboratory ee Waaxda Tamarta Mareykanka ee Mareykanka iyo Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Hubka Dusha Badda ee Mareykanka (Shaqaalaha ugu muhiimsan ee Shirkadda Tiknoolajiyada Mareykanka Edge ee markii dambe la aasaasay (ET REMA) waxay ka yimaadeen. Xarunta) waxay si wadajir ah u soo saareen qalab cusub oo naadir ah oo Smart ah, kuwaas oo ah terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material. Maaddadan cusub ee Smart waxay leedahay sifooyin aad u wanaagsan oo si degdeg ah tamarta korantada ugu beddela tamarta farsamada. Gudbiyeyaasha biyaha hoostooda iyo electro-acoustic-ka ee ka samaysan maaddadan weyn ee magnetostrictive ayaa si guul leh loogu habeeyey qalabka badda, kuwa ku hadla ceelka saliidda, nidaamyada xakamaynta qaylada iyo qaylada, iyo sahaminta badda iyo hababka isgaarsiinta dhulka hoostiisa. Sidaa darteed, sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee terbium dysprosium birta birta weyn ee magnetostrictive ah ayaa dhashay, waxay heshay dareen baahsan oo ka yimid waddamada warshadaha leh ee adduunka oo dhan. Edge Technologies ee Maraykanka waxay bilaabeen inay soo saaraan terbium dysprosium birta birta weyn ee magnetostrictive 1989 waxayna u bixiyeen Terfenol D. Intaa ka dib, Sweden, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, iyo Australia waxay sidoo kale soo saareen terbium dysprosium birta birta weyn ee magnetostrictive.
Laga soo bilaabo taariikhda horumarinta walxahan ee Maraykanka, labadaba ikhtiraacida walxaha iyo codsiyadeeda hore ee monopolistic waxay si toos ah ula xiriiraan warshadaha militariga (sida ciidamada badda). In kasta oo waaxaha militariga iyo difaaca Shiinaha ay si tartiib tartiib ah u xoojinayaan fahamkooda walxahan. Si kastaba ha noqotee, ka dib markii Awoodda Qaranka ee Dhameystiran ee Shiinaha ay si weyn u korodhay, shuruudaha lagu xaqiijinayo istiraatiijiyadda tartanka milatari ee qarniga 21-aad iyo hagaajinta heerka qalabka ayaa hubaal ahaan noqon doona mid degdeg ah. Sidaa darteed, isticmaalka baahsan ee terbium dysprosium birta birta weyn ee birta ee waaxaha militariga iyo kuwa qaranka waxay noqon doontaa daruuri taariikhi ah.
Marka la soo koobo, sifooyinka aadka u fiican ee terbium ayaa ka dhigaya xubin aan laga maarmi karin oo ka mid ah qalabyo badan oo shaqeynaya iyo boos aan la bedeli karin ee goobaha codsiyada qaarkood. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qiimaha sare ee terbium, dadku waxay darsayeen sida looga fogaado loona yareeyo isticmaalka terbium si loo yareeyo kharashka wax soo saarka. Tusaale ahaan, qalabka magneto-optical-ka ah ee dhulka naadir ah waa inay sidoo kale isticmaalaan cobalt birta dysprosium-ka jaban ama gadolinium terbium cobalt intii suurtogal ah; Isku day inaad yarayso waxa ku jira terbium ee budada fluorescent cagaaran ee ay tahay in la isticmaalo. Qiimaha ayaa noqday arrin muhiim ah oo xaddidaysa isticmaalka baahsan ee terbium. Laakiin waxyaabo badan oo shaqeynaya ma sameyn karaan la'aanteed, markaa waa inaan u hoggaansanahay mabda'a "adeegsiga birta wanaagsan ee daabka" oo isku day inaad badbaadiso isticmaalka terbium sida ugu macquulsan.
Waqtiga boostada: Jul-05-2023