Teoolomiska leh nooca culusDhul dhif ah, oo leh tiro aad u tiro badan oo ku yaal qolofta dhulka oo keliya 1.1 ppm. Terbium oside-ka wax ka yar 0.01% wadarta guud ee dhulka dhif ah. Xitaa ee ku jirta nooca ion ee sare ee dhulka culus ee dhulka dushiisa oo leh waxa ugu sareeya ee ku jira Terbium, waxa ku jira Terbium-ka kaliya ee ay tahay 1.1-1.2% wadarta guud ee dhulka, oo muujinaya in ay ka tirsan tahay qeybta "sharafta leh" ee qaybaha dhulka dhifka ah. In ka badan 100 sano tan iyo markii la helay Terbium ee 1843, yaraanta iyo qiimaheeda ayaa ka horjoogsaday codsigiisa wax ku oolka ah muddo dheer. Waxay tahay oo keliya 30-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay in Terbium uu muujiyey kartideeda gaarka ah.
Soo saarista taariikhda
Farmashish Iswidish Carl Gustaf Moduran ayaa helay Terbium sanadkii 1843. Wuxuu helay nijaaskiisaYtrium (iii) oxideiyoY2O3. Ytrium waxaa lagu magacaabaa tuulada ytterby ee dalka Sweden. Kahor soo bixitaanka tikniyoolajiyada Exchange ee ION, Terbium kama go'doonsan qaabkiisa saafiga ah.
Moost markii ugu horreysay u qaybsamay Yttrium (iii) oxide saddex qaybood, dhammaantood waxaa lagu magacaabay ORES: ytrium (iii) oxide,Erbium (III) Oxideiyo Terbium Oxide. Terbium Oxide wuxuu asal ahaan ka kooban yahay qayb casaan ah, sababtuna tahay arintaas oo loo yaqaan Erdium. "Erbium (iii) okside" (oo ay kujirto waxa aan hadda ugu yeerno Terbium) asal ahaan qayb ahaan aan midab lahayn ee xalka. Oxide-ka aan caadiga ahayn ee sheygan waxaa loo arkaa brown.
Shaqaalaha dambe si dhib yar ayey u dhawri karaan "erbium (iii) okside", laakiin qaybta casaanka ee mideynta aan la iska indhatiri karin. Doodaha ku saabsan jiritaanka Erdium (iii) oxide ayaa si isdaba joog ah u soo baxda. Xaajidka, magaca asalka ah ayaa dib loo noqday oo magacyada magacyada ayaa ku dhegan, sidaa darteed qaybta casaanka ah ayaa ugu dambeyntii lagu xusay xalka ay ku jiraan eryium (xalka, waxay ahayd casaan). Waxaa hadda la rumeysan yahay in shaqaalaha u isticmaala sodium bishulushate ama potassium sulfate 'Duulimka (IV) OxideKa baxsan ytrium (iii) oxide iyo si ula kac ah u leexiso terbium-ka ku dhaca wasakhda ay ka kooban tahay diir. Kaliya qiyaastii 1% ee Yttrium asalka ah (III) Oxide, oo hadda loo yaqaan "Terbium", waa ku filan in uu midab huruud ah ku aflagaado ytrium (iii) oxide. Sidaa darteed, Terbiumku waa qayb sare oo ah in markii hore ay kujirto, waxaana xukumaa deriskeeda dhow, qaas ahaanta iyo dysyprosium.
Kadib, markasta oo xubno kale oo kale ah ayaa laga soocay isku dhafkan, iyadoon loo eegayn saamiga oxide, magaca Terbilum-ka waa la hayey ilaa ugu dambeyntii, brown ok oksive of terbium-ka waxaa lagu helay qaab saafi ah. Baarayaasha qarnigii 19aad ma aysan isticmaalin tikniyoolajiyadda iftiinka ee 'ultraviolet' si ay u aragto dhalaalaya dhalaalaya ama cagaar (iii), taasoo u sahlaysa Terbium in lagu aqoonsado isku-darka adag ama xalka.
Qaab-dhismeedka elektaroonigga ah
Qaabeynta elektaroonigga ah:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3s2 3D2 3D10 4P6 5S2 5S2 3D10 5S2 6S2 4F9 4F9 4F9
Qaabeynta elektaroonigga ah ee Terbium waa [XE] 6S24F9. Caadi ahaan, sedex elektron ayaa la saari karaa ka hor inta aan la sii kordhin laheyd in si weyn loo sii daayo alentront-ka afaraad in laga sii wado oliidayaasha aad u xoog badan sida gaaska foriyo aad u xoog badan sida gaaska foriyo aad u xoog badan.
Terbium waa lacag caddaan ah oo caddaan ah oo ciid ah oo leh bir bir ah, adag, iyo jilicsanaan oo lagu jaro mindi. Meel yar oo dhalaalaya 1360 ℃, karkaraya Point 3123 ℃, cufnaanta 8229 4kg / m3. Marka la barbar dhigo lanthanide hore, waa mid deggan hawada. Maaddaama element sagaalaad ee Lanthanide, Terbium uu yahay bir bir leh korantada adag. Waxay ka falcelisaa biyo si ay u sameeyaan hydrogen.
Dabeecadda, Terbium waligeed lama helin inuu yahay wax bilaash ah, oo ah xaddi yar oo ka mid ah oo ku jira ciidda fosport-ka iyo qaddarka qaaxada. Coxium Colexium oo leh qaybo kale oo dhulka ah oo ku nool ciidda Monazit, oo guud ahaan 0.03% Terbium-ka Terbium. Meelaha kale waa ilo-xil-ka-darka iyo cawlan oo madow, oo labaduba waa isku dhafka ostors oo ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 1% terbium.
Isticmaal
Codsiga terbium-ka wuxuu badanaa ku lug leeyahay abaabul-gacmeedyo-sare oo sare, oo ah aqoon-darrada degdegga ah ee teknolojiyadda iyo sidoo kale mashaariicda qaata faa'iidooyinka dhaqaale ee la taaban karo, oo leh rajo soo jiidasho leh.
Aagagga arjiga ugu weyn waxaa ka mid ah:
(1) Waxaa loo adeegsaday qaabka dhulka dhif ah oo isku dhafan. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa loo istcimaalaa inuu yahay bacrimin isku mid ah oo ah bacriminta xarunta dhulka oo naadir ah kuna quudiso wax lagu daro beeraha.
(2) u-hawl-qaade loogu talagalay budada cagaaran saddex budolorescent-ka ee aasaasiga ah. Qalabka casriga ah ee loo yaqaan 'opopoelctonic' Iyo Terbium waa qayb lagama maarmaan ah oo ku saabsan bubo badan oo cagaaran oo cagaaran oo tayo leh.
(3) Waxaa loo adeegsaday maadada keydka indhaha ee magneto. Amorphous birta Terbium-ka xarkaha ee birta ah ee loo yaqaan 'alloy bir'
(4) Soosaarista Magto-opreto galaas indhaha ah. Muraayadaha xiisadaha xiisaha leh ee xiisaha leh ee xiisaha leh oo ay ku jiraan Terbium waa qalab muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay waxsoosaarka, ilowyo, iyo wareegga tikniyoolajiyadda laser.
(5) Horumarinta iyo horumarka Terbium Dyspromagnetnet Moningnetnet Loctoly (Terfenol) ayaa u furay codsiyo cusub oo loogu talagalay Terbium.
Loogu talagalay beeraha iyo xoolaha
Dhulka Dhulka ah ee Dhulka ayaa hagaajin kara tayada dalagyada waxayna kordhin kartaa heerka sawir-qaadista ee dhex-dhexaadinta qaarkood. Dhismooyinka Terbium waxay leeyihiin nashaad bayooloji ah. Isku-dhafka Ternary ee Terbium, TB (ALA) 3Menim (Clo4) 3 "3 · 3h2o, waxay leeyihiin saameynta bakteeriyada oo ka hortaga bakteeriyada, Bacillus Subtilis iyo Escherichia Coli. Waxay leeyihiin qaybo badan oo bakteeriyada bakteeriyada bakteeriyada. Daraasadda kabaxaynta noocaas ah waxay bixisaa jiho cusub oo cilmi baaris loogu sameeyo dawooyinka bakteeriyada casriga ah.
Loo adeegsaday garoonka luminance
Qalabka casriga ah ee loo yaqaan 'opopoelctonic' Iyo Terbium waa qayb lagama maarmaan ah oo ku saabsan bubo badan oo cagaaran oo cagaaran oo tayo leh. Haddii dhalashada dhif ee budada iftiinka ee midabka casaanka ah ee TV-ga ' Horraantii 1980-yadii, Philips wuxuu hindisay laamihii ugu horreeyay ee keydinta tamarta ee keydinta tamarta ee dunida oo si dhakhso leh u dallacsiiyay adduunka. TB3 + ionku wuxuu ku soo celin karaa iftiin cagaaran oo leh mawjad ka mid ah 545nm, oo ku dhowaad dhammaan dhismayaasha cagaaran ee dhulka cagaaran ee dhulka ah waxay u isticmaalaan Terbium inay yihiin wax u guur.
Phosphor cagaaran ee midabbada tuubbada tuubbada tuubbada (crt) waxay had iyo jeer ku saleysan tahay zinc sulfide, oo ah mid raqiis ah oo hufan, laakiin budada terbium-ka ayaa had iyo jeer loo yaqaan '+phor' ,, tb3 + iyo Laobr: TB3 +. Iyada oo la horumariyo telefishanka Sare ee Shaashadda Sare ee Sare ee Qeexitaanka (HDTV), Awoodaha Fluorescent Fluorescent ee Sare ee CRTS sidoo kale waa la horumarinayaa. For example, a hybrid green fluorescent powder has been developed abroad, consisting of Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, and Y2SiO5: Tb3+, which have excellent luminescence efficiency at high current density.
Budada raajada ee raajada dhaqameed waa kalsiyum tungstate. Sannadihii 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii, roodhida dhulka ayaa la xoojiyey, sida Terbium oo shaqeynaya Sulturum oxide (III) Pownstate PowstosSetstate, oo ah budada nasashada Hoos u dhig waqtiga imaanada raajada ee bukaanka ay gaarayaan 80%, hagaajinta xallinta filimada raajada, waxay fidisaa nolosha nolosha raajada, iyo yareynta tamarta raajada. Terbium sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida u shaqeeya budada ah ee loo yaqaan 'ifaft' oo loogu talagalay shaashadda raajada ee raajada ee raajada, kaasoo si weyn u hagaajin kara dareenka raajada ee sawirrada indhaha, oo si weyn u yareeya qaddarka foomamka ee raajada jirka bini-aadamka (in ka badan 50%).
Terbium sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa inuu yahay qof u shaqeysta ah ee Phosphor-ka cad ee uu ku farxo iftiinka buluugga ah ee nalalka cusub ee Semiconductor. It can be used to produce terbium aluminum magneto optical crystal phosphors, using blue light emitting diodes as excitation light sources, and the generated fluorescence is mixed with the excitation light to produce pure white light.
Qalabka elektaroonigga ah ee ka samaysan terbium inta badan waxaa ka mid ah zinc sulfide cagaar cagaaran oo leh terbium-ka oo ah u-hawlgalayaasha. Hawo-haynta ultraviolet, isku-dhafka dabiiciga ah ee terbium-ka ayaa soo kici kara ifafaynta cagaaran ee adag waxaana loo isticmaali karaa sidii qalab filim oo dhuuban. In kasta oo horumar la taaban karo laga sameeyay daraasadda Dhulka naafunta ah ee adag ee loo yaqaan 'Elektroluminesscent' oo ay ka jirto wax ku ool ah, iyo cilmi baaris ku saabsan filimyada khafiifka ah ee isku-dhafka ah ee ku jira filimada khafiifka ah ee korantada leh ayaa wali qotodheer.
Astaamaha 'Fluorescence' ee Terbium sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida baaritaanka ifaya. Tusaale ahaan, eeloxacin Terbium (TB3 +) oo loo adeegsaday in lagu barto is-dhexgalka ka dhexeeya Erabechin Terbium (TB3 +) oo uu ku dhaco '' '' flurescescence of ofloxacin tb3 + nidaamka. Iyada oo ku saleysan isbedelkan, DNA waa la go'aamin karaa.
Loogu talagalay magnet-ka magneto
Qalabka leh saameynta Fayadwarka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan agabyada magneto-opreto, ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa lasers iyo aalado kale oo indhaha ah. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo caan ah oo ah agabyada indhaha ee magneto: critals-ka indhaha ee magneto iyo galaaska indhaha ee magneto. Waxaa ka mid ah, kiristaan magneto-your (sida ytrium bir ah iyo terbium Gallium Garnet) leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka soo noqnoqoshada hawlgalka la isku habeyn karo iyo xasilloonida kuleylka sare, laakiin waa dhib badan yihiin soosaarista. Intaa waxaa u dheer, in badan oo kirismooyin ay magneto-video-vitation leh xagal aad u sarreysa ayaa nuugista sare ee xadka mawjadaha gaagaaban, taas oo xaddidaysa isticmaalkooda. Marka la barbardhigo kiridka indhaha ee magneto, dhalada indhaha ee magneto waxay leedahay faa iido badan oo ku saabsan maleega sare, waana fududahay in lagu sameeyo baloogyo waaweyn ama fiber. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, muraayadaha indhaha ee magneto ee leh saameynta xad-dhaafka ah ee xasaasiyadeed badanaa waa muraayadaha indhaha ee dhulka dusheeda.
Loo adeegsaday qalabka kaydinta indhaha ee magneto
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, oo ay weheliso deg deg ah ee isdhaafsiga xafiiska warbaahinta badan iyo option-ka, baahida loo qabo diskooga cusub ee magnetic-ka-sare ayaa kordhay. Amorphous birta ah ee plioy plioy plioy oo bir ah ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu soo saaro disks magneto-ka-buugga ugu sarreeya. Iyaga dhexdooda, filimka TBFECO ee TBFECO ayaa leh waxqabadka ugu fiican. Agabyada 'Terbium' ee ku saleysan Magnet-ka ee ku saleysan cudurka magneto-oberto waxaa loo soo saaray cabir ballaaran, iyo disks magneto-opatho-ka laga sameeyay iyaga waxaa loo istcimaalaa sida qaybaha wax lagu keydiyo kombiyuutarka, iyada oo awoodda kaydinta ay kordhay 10-15 jeer. Waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka awooda weyn iyo xawaaraha si dhakhso leh, waana la tirtiri karaa oo qasan ku dahaadhkan kumanaan jeer markii loo isticmaalay disks-ka-dhaxalka indhaha ee cufnaanta sare. Iyagu waa agab muhiim ah oo ku saabsan tikniyoolajiyadda kaydinta macluumaadka elektaroonigga ah. Waxyaabaha ugu badan ee loo yaqaan 'magneto-opato-opato' ee xargaha muuqda ee muuqata iyo soo dhoweynta waa Terbium Gasnet
Geeraha indhaha ee magneto
Muraayadaha indhaha ee xiisaha magneto waxaa ku yaal daahfurnaan wanaagsan iyo asitorropy gobollada muuqata iyo xaafadaha, waxayna sameyn karaan qaabab kala duwan oo isku dhafan. Way fududahay in la soo saaro wax soo saarka oo yar-yar waxaana loo soo qaadan karaa fiilo indhaha ah. Sidaa darteed, waxay leedahay rajo ballaaran oo ah aaladaha indhaha ee magneto sida igaagta indhaha ee magneto, modemus opteto opaticators, iyo dareeraha fiber-ka ee optic optic-ga hadda. Waqtigiisa ugu weyn ee magnetic-ka ah iyo ka-hortagga yar ee nabarrada yar yar ee muuqaalka ah ee muuqaalka ah, TB3 + Ions waxay si caadi ah loo isticmaalay kuwa dhifsanaya ion Dunida muraayadaha indhaha ee magneto.
Terbium disspromagnetnet broy
Dhamaadkii qarnigii 20aad, oo ay ku qoto dheer yihiin adduunka kacaanka sayniska iyo tikidhada, dhulka cusub ee lagu dabaqayo ayaa si dhakhso ah u soo ifbaxaya. Sanadkii 1984, Iowa State University ee Mareykanka, Shaybaarta Waaxda Tamarta ee Mareykanka ee Xarunta Tamarta ee Badda (ET ReMa) ayaa ka yimid badhtanka 'Smart', oo ah Terbium Dysprosium Dysprosium Alaabada Magnuctract. Qalabkan cusub ee caqliga leh wuxuu leeyahay astaamaha ugu fiican ee ay si dhakhso leh u beddelayaan tamarta korantada tamar farsamo. Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee biyaha hoostiisa iyo qalabka-elektro-acosstrupt ee ka samaysan aaladda weyn ee birtxafkan ayaa si guul leh loogu habeeyay qalabka ciidamada badda, kuwa ku hadla si sadaqooyinka si fiican u ogaanshaha, nidaamka xasaasiga ah iyo nidaamyada kontoroolka iyo nidaamyada isgaarsiinta badda. Sidaa darteed, isla marka ugu dhakhsaha badan ee Terbium Dysprium Dysprosium bir bir ah uu ku dhashay, waxay ku heshay fiiro baahsan oo ka timaada wadamada warshadaha ee adduunka oo dhan. Teknolojiyadda geeska ah ee Mareykanka waxay bilaabeen soo saarista Terbium Dysprium Dysprosium Alaabta Magnet-ka ee Magnetnal Chrostickart Sanadkii 1989, waxaana loo magacaabay Terfenol D.
Taariikhda horumarka ee agabkan ee ku yaal Mareykanka, labadaba abuurka maaddada iyo codsiyada hore ee monopolistic-ka ayaa si toos ah ula xidhiidha warshadaha militariga (sida ciidamada badda). In kasta oo waaxyaha millatariga Shiinaha iyo kuwa difaaca Shiinaha ay si tartiib tartiib ah u xoojinayaan fahamkooda maaddaama. Si kastaba ha noqotee, ka dib awoodda guud ee qaran ee Shiinaha ayaa si weyn u kordhay, shuruudaha lagu xaqiijinayo istiraatiijiyaddii tartan ee milatariga qarniga 21aad isla markaana hagaajinta heerka qalabka ayaa runtii ah mid deg deg ah. Sidaa darteed, adeegsiga baahsan ee loo yaqaan 'terbium' ee terbium dysprosium bir bir ah abspedbantning abs waaxyada ka baxsan ee waaxyada militariga iyo waaxda gaashaandhigga qaranka waxay noqon doontaa daruuri taariikhi ah.
Marka la soo koobo, dhismayaasha badan ee heer sare ah ee Terbium waxay ka dhigaan xubin lagama maarmaan u ah agabyo badan oo shaqeynaya iyo meel aan la arki karin oo ku yaal meelaha qaarkood. Si kastaba ha noqotee, sababta oo ah qiimaha sare ee Terbium, dadku waxay baran jireen sida looga fogaado loona yareeyo isticmaalka Terbium si loo yareeyo qiimaha wax soo saarka. Tusaale ahaan, agabyada magneto-optical-opaneto-opaneto waa inay sidoo kale adeegsadaan jajabka 'disysprosium bir' bir qiime jaban ama gubal-ka qafiif ah oo loo yaqaan 'gubalt' ama qalliinka wadnaha. Isku day inaad yareyso waxa ku jira Terbium ee budada iftiinka cagaaran ee loo baahan yahay in la isticmaalo. Qiimaha ayaa noqday qodob muhiim ah oo xaddidaya isticmaalka baahsan ee Terbium. Laakiin agab badan oo shaqeeya ayaa sameyn kara iyada la'aanteed, sidaa darteed waa inaan u hogaansanaano mabda'a "annagoo adeegsanayna bir wanaagsan oo ku yaal buundada" oo isku day inaad badbaadiso isticmaalka Terbium intii ugu macquulsan.
Waqtiga Post: Jul-05-2023