TerbiumWaxay ka tirsan tahay qaybta dhulalka dhifka ah ee culculus, oo ay ku yar tahay barwaaqada dhulka ee qolofka dhulka 1.1 ppm oo keliya.Terbium oxidewaxay ka dhigan tahay in ka yar 0.01% wadarta dhulalka naadir ah. Xataa nooca yttrium ion-ka sare ee nooca culus ee naadirka ah ee dhulka oo leh waxa ugu sarreeya ee terbium, waxa ku jira terbium kaliya ayaa xisaabiya 1.1-1.2% wadarta guud.dhul dhif ah, taasoo muujinaysa inay ka tirsan tahay qaybta "sharafta leh" eedhul dhif ahcuriyayaasha. In ka badan 100 sano tan iyo markii la helay terbium 1843, yaraanteeda iyo qiimaheeda ayaa ka hortagay codsigeeda wax ku oolka ah muddo dheer. Waa 30-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay oo kaliyaterbiumwaxay muujisay kartideeda gaarka ah.
Helitaanka Taariikhda
Farmashiistaha Iswiidhishka ah ee Carl Gustaf Mosander waxa uu daah-furay terbium sannadkii 1843-kii. Waxa uu ka helay wasakhdeedayttrium oxideiyoY2O3. Yttriumwaxaa loogu magac daray tuulada Itby ee dalka Sweden. Ka hor inta aysan soo bixin tiknoolajiyada is-dhaafsiga ion, terbium kuma go'doomin qaabkeeda saafiga ah.
Mossander ayaa markii hore qaybsadayyttrium oxideoo loo qaybiyey saddex qaybood, oo dhammaantood lagu magacaabay macdanaha:yttrium oxide, erbium oxideiyoterbium oxide. Terbium oxidewaxay asal ahaan ka kooban tahay qayb casaan ah, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay curiyaha hadda loo yaqaanerbium. Erbium oxide(oo ay ku jiraan waxa aan hadda ugu yeerno terbium) asal ahaan waxay ahayd qayb aan midab lahayn oo xalka ah. Okssaydhka aan milmi karin ee curiyahan waxa loo arkaa bunni.
Kadib shaqaaluhu way ku adkeyd in ay arkaan midab yar"erbium oxide", laakiin qaybta casaanka ah ee milmay lama iska indho tiri karo. Dooda jiritaankeedaerbium oxideayaa marar badan soo baxay. Fawdada, magacii asalka ahaa ayaa la beddelay, magacyadii la isweydaarsanayayna waa la xayiray, sidaas darteed qaybta casaanka ayaa ugu dambeyntii lagu sheegay xal ka kooban erbium (xalka, wuxuu ahaa casaan). Waxaa hadda la rumeysan yahay in shaqaalaha isticmaala sodium disulfide ama potassium sulfate si ay uga saaraan cerium dioxideyttrium oxidesi aan ula kac ahayn u leexoterbiumgalay cerium ka kooban soo da'ay. Hadda loo yaqaan 'terbium', kaliya qiyaastii 1% asalka ahyttrium oxidewaa joogaa, laakiin tani waa ku filan tahay in loo gudbiyo midab huruud ahyttrium oxide. Sidaa darteed,terbiumwaa qayb labaad oo markii hore ka koobnayd, waxaana gacanta ku haya dadka deriska la ah,gadoliniumiyodysprosium.
Ka dib, mar kasta oo kaledhul dhif ahwalxaha ayaa laga soocay isku dhafkan, iyadoon loo eegin saamiga oksaydhka, magaca terbium ayaa la sii hayay ilaa ugu dambeyntii, oksaydhka brown eeterbiumwaxaa lagu helay qaab saafi ah. Cilmi-baarayaasha qarnigii 19-aad ma isticmaalin tignoolajiyada ultraviolet fluorescence si ay u eegaan qanjidhada jaalaha ah ama cagaarka ah (III), taas oo u sahlaysa terbium in lagu aqoonsado isku-dhafka adag ama xalalka.
Habaynta korantada
Qaabka elegtarooniga ah:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Habaynta elektarooniga ah eeterbiumwaa [Xe] 6s24f9. Caadi ahaan, saddex elektaroonig ah oo keliya ayaa la saari karaa ka hor inta aanu tamarta nukliyeerku noqon mid aad u weyn oo aan la sii kordhin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in kiiskaterbium, badhkii ayaa buuxsamayterbiumwaxay u ogolaataa ionization dheeraad ah ee elektarooniga afaraad ee joogitaanka oksidant aad u xoog badan sida gaaska fluorine.
Birta
Terbiumwaa bir dhuleed cad oo naadir ah oo leh ductility, adayg, iyo jilicsanaan lagu gooyn karo mindi. Barta dhalaalka 1360 ℃, barta karkarinta 3123 ℃, cufnaanta 8229 4kg/m3. Marka la barbar dhigo canaasiirta hore ee lanthanide, waxay ku xasilloon tahay hawada. Cunsurka sagaalaad ee curiyeyaasha lanthanide, terbium, waa bir aad loo dallaco oo ka falcelisa biyaha si ay u sameeyaan gaaska hydrogen.
Dabeecadda,terbiumwaligeed lama helin inuu yahay curiye bilaash ah, oo ku jira xaddi yar oo ku jira ciidda fosfooraska cerium thorium ciid iyo silikoon beryllium yttrium ore.Terbiumwaxay la nool yihiin walxo kale oo naadir ah oo dhulka ku jira ciidda monazite, oo leh guud ahaan 0.03% ka kooban terbium. Ilaha kale waxaa ka mid ah yttrium phosphate iyo dahab naadir ah oo dhulka, labaduba waa isku dhafka oksaydhyada oo ka kooban ilaa 1% terbium.
Codsiga
Codsiga eeterbiuminta badan waxay ku lug leedahay beeraha teknoolajiyada sare, kuwaas oo ah tignoolajiyada degdega ah iyo aqoonta qoto dheer ee mashaariicda goynta, iyo sidoo kale mashaariic faa'iidooyin dhaqaale oo muhiim ah, oo leh rajooyin horumarineed oo soo jiidasho leh.
Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee codsiga waxaa ka mid ah:
(1) Loo adeegsaday qaab dhulyo dhif ah oo isku dhafan. Tusaale ahaan, waxa loo isticmaalaa sida bacriminta isku jira dhul dhif ah iyo quudin lagu daro beeraha.
(2) Dhaqdhaqaaqa budada cagaaran ee saddexda budo ee fluorescent aasaasiga ah. Qalabka casriga ah ee optoelectronic waxay u baahan yihiin isticmaalka saddex midab oo aasaasi ah oo fosfoor ah, kuwaas oo kala ah casaan, cagaar, iyo buluug, kuwaas oo loo isticmaali karo in lagu sameeyo midabyo kala duwan. Iyoterbiumwaa qayb aan laga maarmi karin oo ku jira budo badan oo cagaar ah oo tayo sare leh.
(3) Loo isticmaalo sidii agab kaydinta indhaha ee magneto. Amorphous biraha terbium biraha daawaynta filimada khafiifka ah ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu soo saaro wax-qabadka sare ee magneto indhaha.
(4) Wax soo saarka magneto muraayadda indhaha. Muraayadaha wareega ee Faraday oo ay ku jiraan terbium waa shay muhiim ah oo lagu soo saaro wareegtada, go'doominta, iyo wareegayaasha tignoolajiyada laysarka.
(5) Horumarinta iyo horumarinta terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) ayaa furay codsiyada cusub ee terbium.
Dhanka beeraha iyo xanaanada xoolaha
Dhul naadir ahterbiumwaxay hagaajin kartaa tayada dalagyada waxayna kordhin kartaa heerka photosynthesis ee kala duwanaansho gaar ah. Dhismayaasha terbium waxay leeyihiin dhaqdhaqaaq bayooloji oo sarreeya, iyo dhismooyinka ternary eeterbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, waxay leeyihiin saameyn bakteeriyada iyo bakteeriyada wanaagsan Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, iyo Escherichia coli, oo leh sifooyin bakteeriyada ballaaran oo ballaaran. Daraasadda dhismooyinkan ayaa bixisa jihada cilmi baarista cusub ee dawooyinka bakteeriyada casriga ah.
Loo isticmaalo berrinkii luminescence
Qalabka casriga ah ee optoelectronic waxay u baahan yihiin isticmaalka saddex midab oo aasaasi ah oo fosfoor ah, kuwaas oo kala ah casaan, cagaar, iyo buluug, kuwaas oo loo isticmaali karo in lagu sameeyo midabyo kala duwan. Iyo terbium waa qayb aan laga maarmi karin oo ku jira budo badan oo cagaar ah oo tayo sare leh. Haddii dhalashada midabka dhulka dhifka ah ee TV-ga budada fluorescent cas ay kicisay baahidayttriumiyoeuropium, ka dibna codsiga iyo horumarinta terbium waxaa kor u qaaday by dhul dhif ah saddex midab aasaasiga ah budada fluorescent cagaaran ee nalalka. Horraantii 1980-aadkii, Philips waxa uu ikhtiraacay laambadkii ugu horreeyay ee tamarta-badbaadinta tamarta ee adduunka si degdeg ahna u dalacsiiyay caalamka. Tb3+ions waxay ku sii dayn kartaa iftiin cagaaran oo leh mowjadda dhererka 545nm, iyo ku dhawaad dhammaan budada fluorescent cagaaran ee naadirka ah ayaa isticmaalaterbium, firfircooni ahaan.
Budada fluorescent cagaarka ah ee loo isticmaalo midabka TV-ga cathode ray tubes (CRTs) ayaa had iyo jeer inta badan ku salaysan zinc sulfide oo raqiis ah oo hufan, laakiin budada terbium ayaa had iyo jeer loo isticmaali jiray sida midabka cagaarka cagaaran ee TV, sida Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, iyo LaOBr: Tb3+. Iyada oo la horumarinayo shaashad weyn oo talefishin qeexan sare leh (HDTV), wax qabad sare leh budo fluorescent cagaaran oo loogu talagalay CRTs ayaa sidoo kale la soo saarayaa. Tusaale ahaan, budada fluorescent cagaaran ee isku-dhafka ah ayaa lagu sameeyay dibedda, oo ka kooban Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, iyo Y2SiO5: Tb3+, kuwaas oo leh waxtarka iftiinka iftiinka sare ee cufnaanta hadda.
Budada fluorescent ee raajada dhaqameed waa calcium tungstate. Sannadihii 1970-aadkii iyo 198-tii, waxaa la sameeyay budo fluorescent ah oo naadir ah oo loogu talagalay shaashadaha dareenka, sidaterbiumLanthanum sulfide oxide firfircoon, terbium firfircoon lanthanum bromide oxide (loogu talagalay shaashadaha cagaaran), iyo terbium firfircoon yttrium sulfide oxide. Marka la barbar dhigo calcium tungstate, budada fluorescent dhul dhif ah waxay yareyn kartaa waqtiga shucaaca raajada ee bukaanada 80%, hagaajinta xallinta filimada raajada, waxay kordhisaa nolosha tubooyinka raajada, waxayna yareyn kartaa isticmaalka tamarta. Terbium waxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa sidii firfircoone budo fluorescent ah oo loogu talagalay shaashadaha kor u qaadista raajada, taas oo si weyn u wanaajin karta dareenka u beddelashada raajada ee sawirada indhaha, hagaajinta caddaynta filimada raajada, oo aad u yaraynaysa qiyaasta soo-gaadhista ee X-ray-ga. fallaadhaha ku dhaca jidhka bini'aadamka (in ka badan 50%).
TerbiumWaxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa sidii firfircoone ee fosfoor cad oo LED ah oo ku faraxsan iftiinka buluuga ah ee nalka cusub ee semiconductor. Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo saaro terbium aluminium magneto optic crystal fosfoor, iyadoo la isticmaalayo diodes iftiinka buluuga ah ee iftiiminaya ilaha iftiinka kicinta, iyo fluorescence-ka soo baxa ayaa lagu qasi karaa iftiinka kicinta si loo soo saaro iftiin cad oo saafi ah.
Walxaha korantada ee laga sameeyo terbium inta badan waxaa ka mid ah budada fluorescent cagaaran oo leh zinc sulfideterbiumsida firfircooniye. Marka la eego shucaaca ultraviolet, dhismayaasha dabiiciga ah ee terbium waxay soo saari karaan fluorescence cagaaran oo xoog leh waxaana loo isticmaali karaa sida qalabka elektiroonigga ah ee khafiifka ah. Inkastoo horumar la taaban karo laga gaaray daraasaddadhul dhif ahfilimada khafiifka ah electroluminescent adag organic, weli waxaa jira farqi gaar ah oo ka mid ah wax ku ool ah, iyo cilmi-baarista dhulka dhif ah filimada khafiifka ah electroluminescent organic iyo qalabka weli waa qoto dheer.
Sifooyinka fluorescence ee terbium ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sida baarayaasha fluorescence. Isdhexgalka ka dhexeeya ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) adag iyo deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ayaa lagu bartay iyadoo la isticmaalayo fluorescence iyo spectra nuugista, sida baaritaanka fluorescence ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in ofloxacin Tb3+probe ay samayn karto jeexdin ku xidhan molecules DNA, iyo deoxyribonucleic acid waxay si weyn u wanaajin kartaa fluorescence ee nidaamka ofloxacin Tb3+. Iyada oo ku saleysan isbeddelkan, deoxyribonucleic acid ayaa la go'aamin karaa.
Qalabka indhaha ee magneto
Walxaha leh saamaynta Faraday, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan qalabka magneto-optical, ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa laysarka iyo qalabka kale ee indhaha. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo caan ah oo ah agabka indhaha ee magneto: magneto optical crystals iyo magneto optical glass. Waxaa ka mid ah, crystals magneto-optical (sida yttrium iron garnet iyo terbium gallium garnet) waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka inta jeer ee hawlgalka lagu hagaajin karo iyo xasilloonida kuleylka sare, laakiin waa qaali oo ay adag tahay in la soo saaro. Intaa waxaa dheer, kiristaalo magneto-optical badan oo leh xaglo wareeg oo Faraday sare leh ayaa nuugista sare leh ee kala duwanaanshaha hirarka gaaban, taas oo xaddidaysa isticmaalkooda. Marka la barbar dhigo magneto muraayadaha indhaha, muraayadda indhaha ee magneto waxay leedahay faa'iidada gudbinta sare waxayna fududahay in laga sameeyo baloogyo waaweyn ama fiilooyinka. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, muraayadaha magneto-optical oo leh saameyn sare oo Faraday ah ayaa badanaa ah muraayadaha ion-ka ee dhulka hoostiisa ah.
Loo isticmaalo agabka kaydinta indhaha ee magneto
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, iyada oo horumarka degdega ah ee warbaahinta badan iyo automation-ka xafiiska, baahida loo qabo saxanadaha magnetic awoodda sare ee cusub ayaa sii kordhayay. Amorphous biraha terbium biraha daawaynta filimada khafiifka ah ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu soo saaro wax-qabadka sare ee magneto indhaha. Waxaa ka mid ah, filimka khafiifka ah ee TbFeCo wuxuu leeyahay waxqabadka ugu fiican. Qalabka magneto-optical-ka ku salaysan ee Terbium ayaa la soo saaray si baaxad weyn, iyo saxanadaha magneto-optical discs ee iyaga laga sameeyay ayaa loo isticmaalaa sida qaybaha kaydinta kombiyuutarka, iyadoo awoodda kaydinta ay kordheen 10-15 jeer. Waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka awoodda weyn iyo xawaaraha gelitaanka degdega ah, waxaana la tirtiri karaa oo la dahaadhi karaa tobanaan kun oo jeer marka loo isticmaalo saxanadaha indhaha ee cufnaanta sare leh. Waxay yihiin agab muhiim u ah tignoolajiyada kaydinta macluumaadka elegtarooniga ah. Qalabka magneto-optical-ka ah ee inta badan loo isticmaalo qaybaha muuqda iyo kuwa u dhow ee infrared waa Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) hal crystal, taas oo ah qalabka ugu fiican ee magneto-optical ee samaynta wareegyada Faraday iyo go'doominta.
Wixii muraayad indhaha ah ee magneto
Faraday magneto muraayadda indhaha waxay leedahay daahfurnaan wanaagsan iyo isotropy ee gobollada muuqda iyo kuwa infrared, waxayna samayn karaan qaabab kala duwan oo adag. Way fududahay in la soo saaro badeecooyin baaxad weyn waxaana loo jiidi karaa fiilooyinka indhaha. Sidaa darteed, waxay leedahay rajooyin codsi oo ballaadhan oo ku saabsan aaladaha indhaha ee magneto sida magneto optical isolators, modulators magneto optical, iyo dareemayaasha hadda fiber optic. Iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay daqiiqadeeda magnetic weyn iyo isugeynta nuugista yar ee kala duwanaanshaha muuqda iyo infrared-ka, Tb3+ions waxa ay noqdeen kuwo caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ion dhulka naadirka ah ee muraayadaha indhaha ee magneto.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Dhammaadkii qarnigii 20-aad, iyada oo si joogto ah u sii qoto dheeraysay kacaankii tignoolajiyada adduunka, agab cusub oo dhif ah oo dhulka la isticmaalo ayaa si degdeg ah u soo baxayay. 1984, Jaamacadda Gobolka Iowa, Shaybaadhka Ames ee Waaxda Tamarta ee Mareykanka, iyo Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Hubka Dusha Badda ee Mareykanka (oo ay ka yimaadeen shaqaalaha ugu muhiimsan ee shirkadda Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA)) ayaa iska kaashaday si ay u horumariyaan naadir cusub. Waxyaalaha caqliga dhulka, kuwaas oo ah terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive material. Maaddadan cusub ee caqliga leh waxay leedahay sifooyin aad u wanaagsan oo si degdeg ah tamarta korantada ugu beddela tamarta farsamada. Gudbiyeyaasha biyaha hoostooda iyo electro-acoustic-ka ee ka samaysan maaddadan weyn ee magnetostrictive ayaa si guul leh loogu habeeyey qalabka badda, kuwa ku hadla ceelka saliidda, nidaamyada xakamaynta qaylada iyo qaylada, iyo sahaminta badda iyo hababka isgaarsiinta dhulka hoostiisa. Sidaa darteed, sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee terbium dysprosium birta birta weyn ee magnetostrictive ah ayaa dhashay, waxay heshay dareen baahsan oo ka yimid waddamada warshadaha leh ee adduunka oo dhan. Edge Technologies ee Maraykanka waxay bilaabeen inay soo saaraan terbium dysprosium birta birta weyn ee magnetostrictive 1989 waxayna u bixiyeen Terfenol D. Intaa ka dib, Sweden, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, iyo Australia waxay sidoo kale soo saareen terbium dysprosium birta birta weyn ee magnetostrictive.
Laga soo bilaabo taariikhda horumarinta walxahan ee Maraykanka, labadaba ikhtiraacida walxaha iyo codsiyadeeda hore ee monopolistic waxay si toos ah ula xiriiraan warshadaha militariga (sida ciidamada badda). In kasta oo waaxaha militariga iyo difaaca Shiinaha ay si tartiib tartiib ah u xoojinayaan fahamkooda walxahan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo la kordhinayo awoodda guud ee qaranka Shiinaha, baahida loo qabo in la gaaro istiraatiijiyad tartan milatari ee qarniga 21-aad iyo hagaajinta heerarka qalabka ayaa hubaal ahaan noqon doonta mid degdeg ah. Sidaa darteed, isticmaalka baahsan ee terbium dysprosium birta birta weyn ee birta ee waaxaha militariga iyo kuwa qaranka waxay noqon doontaa daruuri taariikhi ah.
Marka la soo koobo, guryaha badan oo aad u fiicanterbiumka dhig xubin aan laga maarmi karin oo ka mid ah agabyo badan oo shaqaynaya iyo boos aan la bedeli karin ee meelaha codsiyada qaarkood. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qiimaha sare ee terbium, dadku waxay darsayeen sida looga fogaado loona yareeyo isticmaalka terbium si loo yareeyo kharashka wax soo saarka. Tusaale ahaan, qalabka magneto-optical-ka ee dhulka dhifka ah waa in sidoo kale isticmaalaan qiime jabanbirta dysprosiumcobalt ama gadolinium terbium cobalt sida ugu macquulsan; Isku day inaad yarayso waxa ku jira terbium ee budada fluorescent cagaaran ee ay tahay in la isticmaalo. Qiimaha ayaa noqday arrin muhiim ah oo xaddidaysa isticmaalka baahsan ee isticmaalkaterbium. Laakiin alaabooyin badan oo shaqeynaya ma sameyn karaan la'aanteed, markaa waa inaan u hoggaansanahay mabda'a "isticmaalka birta wanaagsan ee daabka" oo isku day inaad badbaadiso isticmaalkaterbiumintii suurtagal ah.
Waqtiga boostada: Oct-25-2023