Magiccal Dhulka Dunida: Ytterbium

Ytterbium: lambarka atomikada 70, miisaanka atomikada 173.04, magaca element ee laga soo saaray goob ay soo saarto. Waxa ku jiraytterbiumQoraalku waa 0.000266%, oo inta badan ku jirta kaydinta fosfooraska iyo kaydadka dahabka, halka waxa ku jira Monazit ay tahay 0.03%, oo leh 7-danopes dabiici ah.

Soo saarista taariikhda

Waxaa ogaadey: marinak

Waqtiga: 1878

Goobta: Switzerland 

Sanadkii 1878, farmashiistaha Switzerland Jean Charles iyo G Jarignac waxay ogaatay mid naadir ah oo kuyaal dhul badan oo ku saabsan "erbium". Sanadkii 1907, Ulban iyo wanaagga ayaa tilmaamay in Marignanac ay u kala soocayso isku dar ah Luketium Oxide iyo Ytterbium Oxide. Xusuusta tuulada yar ee Yteeby oo u dhaw Stockholm, halkaas oo ah in yttrium ore la helay, qodobkan cusub ayaa loo magacaabay ytterbium astaanta YB.

Qaab-dhismeedka elektaroonigga ah

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3s2 3s2 3d10 4p6 5s 5s2 4d10 5p6 4F14 4F14 4F14

Bir

Metallic ytterbiumwaa lacag cawlan, duujin, oo leh qaab jilicsan. Heerkulka qolka, ytterbium-ka ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah ugu dhici kara hawo iyo biyo.

Waxaa jira laba qaab dhismeed oo dhalaal ah: α- Nooca ayaa ah waji ka mid ah nidaamka crystal (heerkulka qolka -798 ℃); Nooc- Nooca waa hay'ad isku xidhnayd (kor ku xusan 798 ℃) yatrice. Bartamiting Pott 824 ℃, karkaraya barta 1427 ℃, cufnaanta qaraabada 6.977 (α7), 6.54 (β- β β.

Insurane biyo qabow, ku milmay aashitada iyo neef-qaadashada dareeraha ah. Aad bay u xasilloon tahay hawada. La mid ah samarium iyo europium, ytterbium waxaa iska leh naxariis-darrida doorsoomayaasha dhif ah, oo sidoo kale waxay ku jiri kartaa dowlad hoose oo aan kala sooc lahayn marka lagu daro inbadan.

Aafadaas oo ay ugu wacan tahay dabeecaddan la beddeli karo, diyaarinta macdanta ytterbium waa inaanu fulin electrolysium, laakiin yareynta hab muquuq-qaadid ah oo loogu talagalay diyaarinta iyo nadiifinta. Badanaa,birta LanthanumWaxaa loo isticmaalaa sida wakiilka yareynta jahwareerka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo farqiga u dhexeeya cadaadiska uumiga ee uumiga ee birta ytterbium iyo uumiga uumiga yar ee biraha yar ee Lanthanum. Bedel ahaan,Thulium, ytterbium, iyolaguutetiumXiisad ayaa loo isticmaali karaa sida qalabka ceyriinka ah, iyo birta lalanthanum waxaa loo isticmaali karaa wakiilka yareynta. Xaaladaha vacum ee heerkulka heerkulka ah ee> 1100 ℃ iyo <0.133pa, birta ytterbium-ka ayaa si toos ah looga soo saari karaa jahwareerka. Ka helidSamaariumiyoEuropoum,Ytterbium sidoo kale waa la kala saari karaa oo lagu nadiifiyaa iyadoo loo marayo dhimis qoyan. Badanaa, thalium, ytterbium, iyo suuxdinta Lututium waxaa loo istcimaalayaa sida alaabada ceyriinka ah. Kala diridda ka dib, ytterbium waxaa lagu yareeyaa dowlad hoose, taasoo kala duwanaansho weyn ku ah guryaha, ka dibna laga soocayo dhulka kale ee riyada badan. Soosaarka ytterbium-ka sare ee ytterbium oxide waxaa badanaa lagu sameeyaa soo saarida chromatography ama habka isdhaafsiga ion

Isticmaal

Loo adeegsaday soosaarka all-ka qaaska ah.Yeterbium alloyswaxaa lagu dabaqay daawada ilkaha ee tijaabada macdanta iyo kiimikada.

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, Ytterbium ayaa soo ifbaxay oo si dhakhso leh loogu horumariyey beeraha isgaarsiinta fiber optic iyo teknolojiyadda laser.

Iyada oo dhismaha iyo horumarka "wadooyinka wadooyinka wadooyinka", shabakadaha kombiyuutarka iyo nidaamyada gudbinta fiber-ka ee dheeriga ah ee indhaha ayaa leh shuruudo sare oo loogu talagalay waxqabadka fiber-ka indhaha ee loo isticmaalo isgaarsiinta fiber-ga. Ytterbium Ions, awgeed dhismahooda muuqaalka wanaagsan awgeed, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida qalabka dhejiska fiber-ka ee isgaarsiinta indhaha, sidaerriumiyoThulium. In kasta oo En Chiboum Enger Dhulka oo wali ah diyaarinta fiber-ka fiber-ka ee 'crbium-ka' ee-dhaqatada ayaa leh xayndaab yar (30nm), taasoo adkeyneysa inay ka soo baxdo shuruudaha xamuulka xawaaraha sare iyo awoodda-sare. YB3 + ionku waxay leeyihiin qayb ka mid ah isku-dheeliyihii ka soo nuugitaan oo aad u ballaaran oo ka baxsan ER3 + ion qiyaastii 980NM. Iyada oo loo marayo saameynta dareenka ee YB3 + iyo wareejinta tamarta ee Erbium iyo Ytterbium, iftiinka u dhexeeya 1530Nm ayaa si weyn loo xoojin karaa, si weyn loo wanaajiyo hufnaanta cod-weyne ee iftiinka.

Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay, Erbium Ytterbium COSTHED FOSTHESPHATE GROPHES waxaa si isa soo taraysa u door bidaa cilmi baarayaal. Muraayadaha fosfooraska iyo muraayadaha kuleylka leh ee folobhosphate-ka ayaa leh kiimiko wanaagsan iyo xasillooni yar, iyo sidoo kale aflagaado ballaadhan iyo astaamo ballaadhan oo aan la mid ahayn YB3 + Dhoofinta fiber-ka firidhsan ayaa gaari kara codka cod-weyneynta korantada iyo cod-weyneynta yar-yar, iyaga oo ka dhigaysa inay ku habboon yihiin beeraha sida dareeraha fiber optic, isgaarsiinta laser ee bilaashka ah, iyo cod-weyneynta garaaca wadnaha ee yar. Shiinaha ayaa hada dhisay awoodda ugu weyn ee ka soo baxa ugu weerarka badan adduunka iyo nidaamka ugu dhakhsaha badan gudbinta xawaaraha ugu dhakhsaha badan, oo uu leeyahay wadada weyn ee ugu ballaadhan ee adduunka. Ytterbium Doped iyo Dhul kale oo Dhulka ah ee Dhulka ah ee Dhulka Dhulka ah ee Dhulka Dhexe leh ee Fiber Aprif iyo alaabada laser waxay ku ciyaaraan door muhiim ah oo muhiim ah iyaga.

Astaamaha muuqaalka ah ee ytterbium-ka waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa inay yihiin qalab laser oo tayo sare leh, labadaba inay yihiin quraafaad laser, muraayadaha indhaha, iyo fiber lesers. Maaddaama wax awood sare leh, ytterbium crystals laser ah oo laser ah ayaa sameeyay taxane aad u weyn, oo ay ku jiraan Ytterbium Dopedytrium aluminiumGarnet (yb: yag), ytterbiumdhaqdhaqaaqeexaGallium Garnet (YB: GGG), Ytterbium-ka-kiciumsium-ka kicium (YB: FAP), YTTERBIum ​​Prontium Prontate (YTTERBIum), YTTERBIum ​​VADIMENSPHAT (YTTERBIum), YTTERBIum-ka ayaa caatada ah, iyo silical. Semiconducting Laser (LD) waa nooc cusub oo ka mid ah isha matoorka ee loo yaqaan 'less-ka adag'. YB: Yag wuxuu leeyahay astaamo badan oo ku habboon bamgare sare ee Awoodda LD waxayna noqotay wax laser ah oo loogu talagalay bamgare sare ee Awoodda Sare ee LD. YB: S -AP Crystal waxaa loo isticmaali karaa maaddaama laser loo yaqaan 'leser shey' oo loogu talagalay qalalaasaha nukliyeerka ee laser ee mustaqbalka, kaasoo soo jiitay dareenka dadka. Marka la eego kiristaalo leser ah, waxaa jira komium ytmium aluminium Galnet (cr, yb, yagg, yagg) oo leh mowjadaha u dhexeeya 2.84 ilaa 3.05 μ si isdaba joog ah Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobka, inta badan dagaalyahano ka takhalusi jiray ee loo adeegsaday gantaalada adduunka waxay u adeegsadaan 3-5 μ, oo ah housers-ka ayaa bixin kara faragelin wax ku ool ah ee ka soo horjeedda hantaanka hubka dhexda ah, oo ay leedahaymiyad militari oo muhiim ah. Shiinaha ayaa ku guuleystey natiijooyin taxane ah oo hal-abuur leh oo leh heer caalami ah oo ka dhacay duurka ytterbium crystals laser-ka (YB: SFIEST, YAP: SFER, PUNS: PUNS: KOOBKA, HALKAN, ISTICMAALKA. Natiijooyinka cilmi baarista waxaa lagu dabaqay difaaca qaran, warshadaha, iyo injineerinka sayniska, iyo kuwa ytterbium-ka dib loo dhoofiyay dalal badan iyo gobollo ay ka mid yihiin Mareykanka iyo Japan.

Qayb kale oo weyn oo ah ashyaa'da 'ytterbium' waa muraayad laser. Muraayadaha yar-yar ee kala-goysyada-kala-goynta ee kala-goynta ee kala-goysyada ah ayaa la soo saaray, oo ay ku jiraan kansarka Termanium, Silicon Ninoote, ee Bonate, iyo Phosphate. Sababo la xiriira fududeynta qalooca dhalada, waxaa lagu sameyn karaa cabirro waaweyn oo waxay leedahay astaamo ay ka mid yihiin marunto sare iyo isku-dhafan sare, taas oo ka dhigeysa in la soo saaro lassor-ka awood sare leh. Muhiimka dhulka laser ee caanka ah ee dhulka laser ah ayaa badanaa loo isticmaalaaneqymiumGlass, oo leh taariikh horumarineed oo ka badan 40 sano oo wax soo saar baaluq ah iyo tikniyoolajiyad codsi. Had iyo jeer waxay u ahayd sheyga laga doorbido aaladaha leser-korantada sare waxaana loo adeegsaday aaladaha tijaabada nukliyeerka iyo hubka laser. Aaladda sare ee korantada sare ee lagu dhisay Shiinaha, oo ka kooban laserneqymiumMuraayad ahaan sida dhexdhexaadka leysarka ugu weyn, ayaa gaadhay heerka sare ee adduunka. Laakiin galaaska Laser Neydoysmium wuxuu wajahayaa caqabad awood leh oo ka socota galaaska Laser Ytterbium.

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, daraasado badan ayaa muujiyay in guryo badan oo galaas ah oo laser ytterbium ay ka badan tahay kuwaneqymiumgalaas. Sababta oo ah xaqiiqda ah in yeterbium-ka yar-yar oo keliya ay leedahay laba heerar tamar, hufnaanta tamarta ee tamarta ayaa sareysa. Isla isla faa iidada, galaaska Ytterbium wuxuu leeyahay hufnaanta tamarta ee korantada 16 jeer ka sareysa galaaska NEYORYOMIMENT, iyo Nolosha Fluorescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescescence 3 jeer oo galaas ah oo galaas ah. Waxay kaloo leedahay faa'iidooyin ka mid ah feejignaanta safka sare, ka-dheellitirka bandwidth, oo si toos ah ayaa looga baabbi'in karaa semicontucters, taasoo ka dhigeysa mid ku habboon lesers-ka sare. Si kastaba ha noqotee, arjiga wax ku oolka ah ee muraayadda yar ee ytterbium-ka badanaa waxay ku tiirsan tahay kaalmaynta nexymium-ka, sida adeegsiga nd3 + macno si ay u sameeyaan muraayad yar yar oo ku shaqeyso heerkulka qolka iyo μs ka soocida laser-ka ah waxaa lagu gaadhaa mowjad. Marka, ytterbium iyo nexymium-ka waa labadaba tartamayaasha iyo iskaashiga iskaashiga ku jira duurka laser galaas.

Adigoo hagaajinaya halabuurka dhalada, guryo badan oo nammisscescent ah oo ah dhalada yar yar ee ytterbium laser waa la hagaajin karaa. Iyada oo la horumariyo lasers-ka awooda sare sida jihada ugu weyn, lasers ka samaysan dhalada Ltterbium Laser-ka waa mid si aad ah loogu adeegsado warshadaha casriga ah, beeraha, dawada, cilmi baarista sayniska, iyo codsiyada militariga.

Isticmaalka milatariga: Adeegsiga tamarta ay soo saartay qalalaasaha nukliyeerka maadaama tamar ay waligeed ahayd yool la filayay, iyo gaaritaanka qasabka nukliyeerka ah ee loo yaqaan 'Nukliyeerka' waxay noqon doontaa hab muhiim u ah aadanaha si loo xalliyo dhibaatooyinka tamarta. Dharka yar ee laser-ka ee laser-ka ayaa noqonaya waxyaabaha la doorbido ee lagu gaarayo qaladaad dhexdhexaad ah oo ku habboon (ICF) casriyeynta qarnigii 21aad sababtuna tahay waxqabadka laser ee ugu fiican.

Hubka Laser waxay u adeegsadaan tamar aad u weyn ee nambarka laser-ka si ay u weeraraan oo ay u baabbi'iyaan yoolalka, abuurista heerkulka balaayiin ah ee darajo Celsius iyo si toos ah u weeraraya xawaaraha iftiinka. Waxaa loo gudbin karaa Naadana oo ay leeyihiin cibaado weyn, gaar ahaan ku habboon nidaamyada hubka ee casriga ah ee dagaalka ee dagaalka. Qeexitaanka wanaagsan ee dhalada ee Ytterbium dhalada Laser ee Laser ayaa ka dhigay qalab aasaasi ah oo muhiim u ah wax soo saarka awooda sare iyo hubka laser-ka sarreeya.

Fiber laser-ka ayaa si dhakhso leh u koraya tikniyoolajiyad cusub oo sidoo kale waxaa iska leh qeybta codsiyada muraayadaha laser. Fiber laser waa laser laser oo u adeegsada fiber-ka dhexdhexaad ee leser dhexdhexaad ah, oo ah wax soo saar isku darka leh fiber iyo teknolojiyadda laser. Waa tikniyoolajiyad cusub oo laser ah oo lagu saleynayo Erbium Politier Proford Poliol (EDFA). Laaser Laser wuxuu ka kooban yahay semiconductor laser diode sida isha matoorka, giber optic optic-ka iyo qaybo indhaha ah sida fiber-ka cagaaran iyo lammaaneyaasha. Uma baahna hagaajinta farsamada ee dariiqa indhaha, iyo farsamadu waa is haysta oo sahlan in la dhexgalo. Marka la barbar dhigo lasers dhaqameedka gobolka iyo kuwa Semiconduactor, waxay leedahay faa iidooyin tikniyoolajiyadeed iyo wax qabad sida tayada tayada sare, xasilloonida wanaagsan, iska caabbinta adag ee faragelinta deegaanka, wax hagaajin ah, iyo qaab dhismeedka is haysta, iyo qaab dhismeedka is haysta. Sababta oo ah xaqiiqda ah in ions-ka ay yihiin inta badan nd + 3, YB + 3, er + 3, HO + 3, oo dhammaantood ah kuwaas oo u adeegsada kuwa dhif ah, oo ah in la dhiso fiber-ka waxaa lagu magacaabi karaa Fiber Dhulka Dhulka ee Dhulka.

Codsiga Laser: Awoodda sare ee Powerbium-ka Ltterbium-ka Ltterbium-ka LITERBE LOCH LASER ayaa noqotay goob kulul oo ku taal tikniyoolajiyadda adag ee Laser caalamka sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Waxay leedahay faa'iidooyinka tayada tayada wanaagsan, qaab dhismeedka is haysta, iyo waxtarka sare ee is-beddelka, waxayna leeyihiin rajo ballaaran oo codsi ah oo ku saabsan howsha warshadaha iyo meelaha kale. Labalaab cad lows fiber-ka ayaa ku habboon bamgareynta semiconductor, oo leh hufnaan sare oo lammaane sare iyo awood soosaar sare leser ah, oo ay yihiin jihada ugu weyn ee horumarka ee fiilada-ytterbium. Tiknoolajiyadda Shiinaha ee Shiinaha Ytterbium teknolojiyada faylka fiber ee shiidan Fiber-ka-dhexaadka ah ee ytterbium, labajibbaarane labajibbaarane ah yoped fiber, iyo erbium ytterbium yojixida la soo saaray ee Shiinuhu waxay gaareen heerar kala duwan oo ah wax qabad, waxayna leeyihiin faa iidooyin tikniyoolajiyad ah oo loogu talagalay badeecado badan iyo qaabab.

Shirkadda ugu caansan ee la-talinta Jarmalka ee Jarmalka ee Jarmalka ee Jarmalka ee Jarmalka Waxaa lagu dabaqay alxanka wanaagsan, goynta, iyo qoditaanka dhagaxa.

Qalabka laser waa xudunta iyo aasaaska horumarka teknolojiyadda laser. Had iyo jeer waxaa had iyo jeer ku jiray warshadda laser-ka ah ee 'hal jiil ashyaa, hal jiil aalad'. Si loo horumariyo aalado sare iyo wax ku ool ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in marka hore la helo agab aad u sarreysa oo laser-ka-sarreyn ah isla markaana lagu dhex daro teknolojiyadda kale ee laxiriira. Ytterbium crystals laser-ka iyo dhalada laser, oo ah xoogaga cusub ee agabyada adag ee laser-ka, gaar ahaan tayoolojiyada laser-ka-goynta ee 'lesis', oo ah tamar-tamarta-sareeya ee suufka, iyo hubka tamarta sare.

Intaas waxaa sii dheer, Ytterbium waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sida u shaqeeya budada ah ee budada ah, dhoobada raadiyaha, waxyaabaha lagu daro ee qaybaha xusuusta kombiyuutarka elektiroonigga ah (xumbo magnetic), iyo waxyaabaha lagu daro muraayadaha indhaha ee indhaha. Waa in la tilmaamaa in yttrium iyo ytrium ay labaduba ay dhif yihiin qaybaha dhulka. In kasta oo ay jiraan kala duwanaansho weyn oo ku saabsan magacyada Ingiriisiga iyo astaamaha element-ka, alifbeetada codadka Shiinaha waxay leeyihiin isku dhawaaqyo isku mid ah. Tarjumaadaha Shiinaha qaarkood, ytrium waxaa mararka qaar si qalad ah loogu yeeraa ytrium. Xaaladdan oo kale, waxaan u baahan nahay inaan raadinno qoraalka asalka ah oo isku daraan astaamaha element si loo xaqiijiyo.