Ytterbium: lambarka atomiga 70, atomikada miisaanka 173.04, magaca curiyaha oo ka soo jeeda goobta la helay. Nuxurkaytterbiumqoloftu waa 0.000266%, inta badan waxay ku jirtaa fosfooraska iyo kaydka dahabka madow ee dhifka ah, halka waxa ku jira monazite uu yahay 0.03%, oo leh 7 isotopes oo dabiici ah.
Helitaanka Taariikhda
Waxaa helay: Marinak
Waqtigii: 1878kii
Goobta: Switzerland
Sanadkii 1878 kii, farmashiistaha Swiss Jean Charles iyo G Margnac waxay heleen curiye cusub oo naadir ah "erbium". Sannadkii 1907dii, Ulban iyo Weils waxay tilmaameen in Marignac ay kala saareen isku-darka lutium oxide iyo ytterbium oxide. Xusuusta tuulada yar ee lagu magacaabo Yteerby ee u dhow Stockholm, halkaas oo laga helay yttrium ore, curiyahan cusub waxaa loo bixiyay Ytterbium oo leh calaamadda Yb.
Habaynta korantada
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
Birta
Metallic ytterbiumwaa cawl qalin ah, ductile, oo leh muuqaal jilicsan. Heerkulka qolka, ytterbium waxaa si tartiib ah hawada iyo biyaha u ogsijin karaa.
Waxaa jira laba qaab-dhismeedka crystal: α- Noocku waa nidaamka crystal cubic dhexdhexaad ah (heerkulka qolka -798 ℃); β- Noocku waa shabag ka samaysan cubic (ka sarreeya 798 ℃). Dhibicda dhalaalka 824 ℃, barta karkarinta 1427 ℃, cufnaanta qaraabo 6.977 (α- Nooca), 6.54 (β- Nooca).
Aan ku milmin biyo qabow, ku milma asiidhyada iyo dareeraha ammonia. Aad bay u deggan tahay hawada. Si la mid ah samarium iyo europium, ytterbium waxay ka tirsan tahay variable valence rare earth, sidoo kale waxay ku jiri kartaa xaalad wanaagsan oo kala duwanaansho ah marka lagu daro sida caadiga ah trivalent.
Sababo la xiriira dabeecaddan doorsoomiyaha ah, diyaarinta ytterbium macdan ah waa in aan lagu fulin electrolysis, laakiin iyadoo la dhimayo habka distillation ee diyaarinta iyo nadiifinta. Caadiyan,biraha lanthanumwaxaa loo isticmaalaa sida wakiilka dhimista ee hoos u dhigista, iyadoo la adeegsanayo faraqa u dhexeeya cadaadiska uumiga sare ee birta ytterbium iyo cadaadiska hoose ee uumiga birta lanthanum. Haddii kale,thulium, ytterbiumiyolutiumxooga saarida waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii alaabta ceeriin, iyo lanthanum biraha ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa wax yareeya. Marka la eego xaaladaha heerkulka sare ee faakuumka>1100 ℃ iyo <0.133Pa, ytterbium birta ah si toos ah ayaa loo soo saari karaa iyadoo la dhimayo. Sidasamarooniyoeuropium,ytterbium sidoo kale waa la kala saari karaa oo lagu nadiifin karaa iyada oo la yareeyo qoyan. Caadi ahaan, thulium, ytterbium, iyo luteium concentrates ayaa loo isticmaalaa sidii alaab cayriin ah. Kala diri ka dib, ytterbium waxaa loo dhimaa xaalad kala duwanaansho ah, taasoo keenta kala duwanaansho weyn oo xagga guryaha ah, ka dibna laga sooco dhulalka kale ee trivalent dhif ah. Soo saarista ytterbium oxide saafi-sare ah waxaa inta badan lagu fuliyaa chromatography saarista ama habka beddelka ion
Codsiga
Loo isticmaalo soo saarida alaabo gaar ah.Alloys Ytterbiumayaa lagu dabaqay daawaynta ilkaha ee tijaabooyinka birta iyo kiimikaad.
Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, ytterbium ayaa soo ifbaxday oo si degdeg ah u horumaray dhinacyada isgaarsiinta fiber optic iyo farsamada laser.
Iyadoo dhismaha iyo horumarinta "waddada macluumaadka", shabakadaha kombiyuutarada iyo hababka gudbinta fibre-ga ee fogaanta fog ayaa leh shuruudo sii kordheysa oo loogu talagalay waxqabadka qalabka fiber-ka ee loo isticmaalo isgaarsiinta indhaha. Ytterbium ions, oo ay ugu wacan tahay sifooyinkooda quruxda badan, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa agabka xoojinta fiber-ka ee isgaarsiinta indhaha, sidaerbiumiyothulium. In kasta oo curiyaha dhulka naadir ah erbium uu weli yahay ciyaaryahanka ugu muhiimsan ee diyaarinta cod-weyneyaasha fiber-ka, erbium-doped quartz fibers-dhaqameedku waxay leeyihiin faa'iido yar oo faa'iido ah (30nm), taas oo adkeynaysa in la buuxiyo shuruudaha gudbinta macluumaadka xawaaraha sare iyo awoodda sare leh. Yb3+ions waxay leeyihiin qayb nuugista oo aad uga weyn marka loo eego Er3+ions agagaarka 980nm. Iyada oo loo marayo saameynta dareenka Yb3 + iyo wareejinta tamarta ee erbium iyo ytterbium, iftiinka 1530nm ayaa si weyn loo wanaajin karaa, taas oo si weyn u wanaajineysa waxtarka iftiinka iftiinka.
Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, erbium ytterbium co doped phosphate galaas ayaa si isa soo taraysa u door biday cilmi-baarayaashu. Muraayadaha Phosphate iyo fluorophosphate waxay leeyihiin xasillooni kiimiko iyo kulayl wanaagsan, iyo sidoo kale gudbinta infrared ballaaran iyo sifooyin ballaaran oo aan labis ahayn, taas oo ka dhigaysa agabka ugu habboon ee ballaadhan iyo faa'iidada sare ee erbium-doped fiber galaas. Yb3 + doped fiber amplifiers waxay gaari kartaa koronto koronto iyo kordhinta calaamadaha yar, taasoo ka dhigeysa inay ku habboon yihiin beeraha sida dareemayaasha fiber optic, isgaarsiinta laysarka meel bannaan oo bilaash ah, iyo kor u qaadida garaaca garaaca gaagaaban. Shiinuhu waxa uu wakhtigan dhisay awooda hal channel ee ugu wayn aduunka iyo habka ugu dhaqsaha badan ee isku gudbinta indhaha,waxana uu leeyahay wadada macluumaadka ee ugu balaadhan aduunka. Ytterbium doped iyo kuwa kale ee naadirka ah ee dhulka doped-fiber amplifiers iyo qalabka laysarka ayaa door muhiim ah oo muhiim ah ku leh iyaga.
Astaamaha muuqaalka ee ytterbium waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sidii qalab laser tayo sare leh, labadaba sida kiristaalo laser, muraayadaha laysarka, iyo lasers fiber. Maaddaama qalab laser awood sare leh, ytterbium doped laser crystals ayaa sameeyay taxane aad u weyn, oo ay ku jiraan ytterbium dopedyttrium aluminiumgarnet (Yb: YAG), ytterbium dopedgadoliniumgallium garnet (Yb: GGG), ytterbium doped calcium fluorophosphate (Yb: FAP), ytterbium doped strontium fluorophosphate (Yb: S-FAP), ytterbium doped yttrium vanadate (Yb: YV04), ytterbium doped borate, iyo silicate. Laser Semiconductor (LD) waa nooc cusub oo isha matoorka ah oo loogu talagalay laysarka gobolka adag. Yb: YAG waxa ay leedahay sifooyin badan oo ku haboon bamgareynta LD-da awooda sare leh waxa ayna noqotay shay leysarka ah oo lagu shubo LD awood sare leh. Yb: S-FAP crystal waxa laga yaabaa in loo isticmaalo walxo layser ah mustaqbalka fiyuuska nukliyeerka, kaas oo soo jiitay dareenka dadka. Karistaanka leysarka ee la hagaajin karo, waxaa ku jira chromium ytterbium holmium yttrium aluminium gallium garnet (Cr, Yb, Ho: YAGG) oo leh mawjadaha dhererkoodu u dhexeeya 2.84 ilaa 3.05 μ Si joogto ah la isku hagaajin karo inta u dhaxaysa m. Marka loo eego tirakoobyada, inta badan madaxyada infrared-ka ee loo isticmaalo gantaalada adduunka oo dhan waxay isticmaalaan 3-5 μ Sidaa darteed, horumarinta Cr, Yb, Ho: YSGG lasers waxay ku siin karaan faragelin wax ku ool ah dhexdhexaadinta hubka infrared-ka lagu hago, waxayna leedahay muhiimad ciidan oo muhiim ah. Shiinuhu wuxuu ku guuleystey natiijooyin taxane ah oo cusub oo leh heer caalami ah oo heer caalami ah oo ku saabsan ytterbium doped laser crystals (Yb: YAG, Yb: FAP, Yb: SFAP, iwm.), Xalinta tignoolajiyada muhiimka ah sida koritaanka crystal iyo laser dhakhso, garaaca wadnaha, wax soo saar joogto ah, oo la hagaajin karo. Natiijooyinka cilmi-baarista waxaa lagu dabaqay difaaca qaranka, warshadaha, iyo injineernimada sayniska, iyo alaabada ytterbium doped crystal ayaa loo dhoofiyay dalal iyo gobollo badan sida Mareykanka iyo Japan.
Qayb kale oo weyn oo ka mid ah qalabka laser ytterbium waa muraayadda laysarka. Muraayadaha laysarka ee kala duwan ee sii daaya ee kala duwan ayaa la sameeyay, oo ay ku jiraan germanium tellurite, silicon niobate, borate, iyo phosphate. Sababo la xiriira fududeynta naqshadeynta dhalada, waxaa loo samayn karaa qiyaaso waaweyn waxayna leedahay astaamo ay ka mid yihiin gudbinta iftiinka sare iyo isku midka ah, taas oo suurtogal ka dhigaysa in la soo saaro leysarka awoodda sare leh. Muraayada laysarka dhulka ee dhifka ah ee la yaqaan ayaa ahaan jiray inta badanneodymiumgalaas, kaas oo leh taariikh horumarineed oo ka badan 40 sano iyo wax soo saarka bislaaday iyo farsamada codsiga. Waxay had iyo jeer ahayd walxaha la door bidayo aaladaha leysarka awoodda sare leh waxaana loo isticmaalay aaladaha tijaabinta nukliyeerka iyo hubka laysarka. Qalabka leysarka ee awoodda sare leh ee lagu dhisay Shiinaha, oo ka kooban laserneodymiummuraayadda sida dhexdhexaadka ugu weyn ee leysarka, waxay gaareen heerka sare ee adduunka. Laakin muraayadda neodymium laser hadda waxay wajaheysaa caqabad xooggan oo ka timaada muraayadda ytterbium laser.
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, tiro badan oo daraasado ah ayaa muujiyay in waxyaabo badan oo muraayadda ytterbium laser ay ka badan yihiin kuwaneodymiummuraayad. Sababtoo ah xaqiiqda ah in ytterbium doped luminescence uu leeyahay laba heer oo tamar ah, waxtarka kaydinta tamarta ayaa sarreeya. Isla faa'iidada, galaaska ytterbium wuxuu leeyahay waxtarka kaydinta tamarta 16 jeer ka sarreeya galaaska neodymium, iyo cimri dherer 3 jeer ka badan galaaska neodymium. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay faa'iidooyin ay ka mid yihiin xoojinta doping sare, xajmiga nuugista, waxaana si toos ah loogu shubi karaa semiconductors, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid aad ugu habboon laydhka awoodda sare leh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, codsiga la taaban karo ee muraayadda laser ytterbium waxay inta badan ku tiirsan tahay kaalmada neodymium, sida isticmaalka Nd3+ sidii dareenka si loo sameeyo muraayadda laser ytterbium ku shaqeyso heerkulka qolka iyo μ Laser-ka ayaa lagu gaaraa dhererka dhererka m. Sidaa darteed, ytterbium iyo neodymium labaduba waa tartamayaasha iyo wada-hawlgalayaasha iskaashiga ee goobta muraayadda laysarka.
Iyadoo la hagaajinayo halabuurka muraayadda, waxyaabo badan oo iftiin leh oo muraayadda leysarka ytterbium waa la hagaajin karaa. Iyadoo horumarinta leysarka awoodda sare leh ee jihada ugu weyn, lasers ka samaysan muraayadda laser ytterbium ayaa si sii kordheysa loogu isticmaalo warshadaha casriga ah, beeraha, daawada, cilmi-baarista sayniska, iyo codsiyada milatariga.
Isticmaalka militariga: Isticmaalka tamarta ay dhaliso isku dhafka nukliyeerka maadaama tamarta ay had iyo jeer ahayd yoolka la filayo, iyo gaaritaanka fiyuuska nukliyeerka ee la xakameeyey waxay noqon doontaa hab muhiim u ah bini'aadamka si loo xalliyo dhibaatooyinka tamarta. Dhalada leysarka ee Ytterbium doped ayaa noqonaysa shayga la door biday ee lagu gaaro cusboonaysiinta isku-xidhka xirid la'aanta (ICF) qarniga 21aad sababtoo ah wax qabadkeeda laysarka ee wanaagsan.
Hubka laysarka ayaa isticmaala tamarta weyn ee laydhka laysarka si uu u garaaco oo u burburiyo bartilmaameedyada, taas oo dhalisa heerkul balaayiin darajo Celsius ah oo si toos ah u weeraraya xawaaraha iftiinka. Waxaa loo tixraaci karaa sida Nadana oo waxay leeyihiin dhimasho weyn, gaar ahaan ku habboon hababka hubka difaaca hawada casriga ah ee dagaalka. Waxqabadka aadka u fiican ee ytterbium doped laser galaas ayaa ka dhigay qalab aasaasi ah oo muhiim u ah soo saarista hubka sare ee awoodda iyo waxqabadka sare ee laser.
Laser Fiber waa tignoolajiyada cusub ee si degdeg ah u horumaraysa sidoo kale waxa iska leh qaybta codsiyada muraayadaha laysarka. Fiber laser waa laser u isticmaala fiber sida dhexdhexaadka laser, kaas oo ah wax soo saarka isku dhafka fiber iyo farsamada laser. Waa tignoolajiyada cusub ee laysarka oo lagu sameeyay tignoolajiyada erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). Laser-ka fiber-ku wuxuu ka kooban yahay diode-ka leysarka semiconductor sida isha matoorka, waveguide fiber optic iyo faa'iido dhexdhexaad ah, iyo qaybaha indhaha sida fiilooyinka iyo lamaanayaasha. Uma baahna hagaajin farsamaysan ee jidka indhaha, farsamaduna waa mid cufan oo sahlan in la isku daro. Marka la barbar dhigo laysarka dhaqameed ee adag iyo leysarka semiconductor, waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin tignoolajiyada iyo waxqabadka sida tayada sare ee iftiinka, xasilloonida wanaagsan, iska caabin adag oo faragelin deegaanka ah, hagaajin la'aan, dayactir la'aan, iyo qaab dhismeed is haysta. Sababo la xiriira xaqiiqda ah in ion-doped ay inta badan yihiin Nd+3, Yb+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Ho+3, kuwaas oo dhamaantood isticmaala fiilooyinka dhulka dhifka ah si ay u helaan warbaahinta, laser fiber-ka ee ay samaysay shirkadu sidoo kale waxaa loogu yeeraa laser fibre dhul dhif ah.
Codsiga Laser: Awood sare oo ytterbium doped double-clad laser fiber laser waxay noqotay goob kulul tignoolajiyada laser-ka adag ee caalamiga ah sanadihii ugu dambeeyay. Waxay leedahay faa'iidooyinka tayada alwaax wanaagsan, qaab-dhismeed is haysta, iyo hufnaanta beddelka sare, waxayna leedahay rajooyin codsi oo ballaadhan oo ku saabsan farsamaynta warshadaha iyo qaybaha kale. Xirmooyinka ytterbium ee laba-jibbaaran waxay ku habboon yihiin bamgareynta laser semiconductor, oo leh waxtarka isku-xidhka sare iyo awoodda wax soo saarka laysarka oo sarreeya, waana jihada ugu weyn ee horumarinta fiilooyinka ytterbium. Tignoolajiyada Shiinaha ee labajibbaaran ee ytterbium doped fiber-ka ayaa hadda la mid ah heerka sare ee waddamada shisheeye. Fiber-ka ytterbium doped fiber, double clad ytterbium doped fiber, iyo erbium ytterbium co doped fiber ee laga sameeyay Shiinaha ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sareeyay ee wax soo saarka shisheeye ee la midka ah marka la eego waxqabadka iyo isku halaynta, waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyin kharash, waxayna leeyihiin tignoolajiyada aasaasiga ah ee alaabada iyo habab badan. .
Shirkadda IPG ee caanka ah ee Jarmalka ee caanka ah ayaa dhawaan ku dhawaaqday in nidaamkooda cusub ee ytterbium doped fiber laser uu leeyahay sifooyin aad u fiican, nolosha bamka oo ka badan saacadaha 50000, mawjadaha qiiqa dhexe ee 1070nm-1080nm, iyo wax soo saarka ilaa 20KW. Waxaa lagu dabaqay alxanka wanaagsan, goynta, iyo qodista dhagaxa.
Qalabka Laserku waa udub dhexaadka iyo aasaaska horumarinta tignoolajiyada laysarka. Had iyo jeer waxaa jiray odhaah ku jirta warshadaha laysarka oo leh 'hal jiil oo agab ah, hal jiil oo qalab'. Si loo horumariyo aaladaha laysarka ee horumarsan oo wax ku ool ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in marka hore la haysto agabka laysarka ee waxqabadka sare leh iyo in la isku daro tignoolajiyada kale ee khuseeya. Ytterbium doped laser crystals iyo galaas laser, oo ah xoogga cusub ee qalabka laser adag, ayaa kor u qaadaya horumarinta hal-abuurka leh ee isgaarsiinta fiber optic iyo tignoolajiyada laser-ka, gaar ahaan tignoolajiyada laser-ka-goynta sida leysarka fiyuuska nukliyeerka ee awoodda sare leh, garaaca tamarta sare leysarka tile, iyo leysarka hubka tamarta sare leh.
Intaa waxaa dheer, ytterbium sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida firfircoonida budada fluorescent, ceramics raadiyaha, waxyaabaha lagu daro qaybaha xusuusta kombuyuutarrada (goobbooyinka magnetic), iyo waxyaabaha lagu daro muraayadaha indhaha. Waa in la tilmaamaa in yttrium iyo yttrium ay labaduba yihiin curiye dhul dhif ah. Inkasta oo ay jiraan farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya magacyada Ingiriisiga iyo calaamadaha curiyaha, alifbeetada dhawaaqa Shiineesku waxay leeyihiin xarfo isku mid ah. Turjumaada Shiinaha qaarkood, yttrium waxaa mararka qaarkood si khaldan loogu yeeraa yttrium. Xaaladdan oo kale, waxaan u baahanahay inaan raad raacno qoraalka asalka ah oo aan isku darno calaamadaha element si loo xaqiijiyo.
Waqtiga boostada: Seb-13-2023