Qaababka papillary ee faraha bini'aadamka ayaa asal ahaan aan waxba iska beddelin qaab dhismeedka sare ee jirkooda laga soo bilaabo dhalashada, iyagoo leh astaamo kala duwan oo qof ilaa qof ah, qaababka papillary ee far kasta oo isku mid ah ayaa sidoo kale kala duwan. Qaabka papilla ee faraha ayaa la jeexay oo la qaybiyay daloolo dhidid ah oo badan. Jidhka bini'aadamku wuxuu si joogto ah u soo saaraa walxaha biyaha ku salaysan sida dhididka iyo walxaha saliidda leh sida saliidda. Walxahani waxay wareejinayaan oo ku shubayaan shayga marka ay la kulmaan, samaynta muuqaalo shayga. Si sax ah waa sababta oo ah sifooyinka gaarka ah ee daabacaadda gacanta, sida gaarkooda shakhsi ahaaneed, xasilloonida nolosha oo dhan, iyo dabeecadda calamadaha taabashada ee ka tarjumaysa in farahu ay noqdeen calaamad la aqoonsan yahay oo dembi-baadhiseed iyo aqoonsiga shakhsi ahaaneed tan iyo markii ugu horreysay ee isticmaalka faraha ee aqoonsiga shakhsi ahaaneed. dhamaadkii qarnigii 19-aad.
Goobta fal-dembiyeedka, marka laga reebo faraha midabbada leh ee saddex-geesoodka ah iyo kuwa fidsan, heerka dhacdooyinka faraha ee suurtagalka ah ayaa ah kan ugu sarreeya. Faraha suurtagalka ah waxay caadi ahaan u baahan yihiin habayn muuqaal ah iyada oo loo marayo falcelin jidheed ama kiimiko. Hababka horumarinta faraha ee suurtagalka ah ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah horumarinta indhaha, horumarinta budada, iyo horumarinta kiimikada. Waxaa ka mid ah, horumarinta budada waxaa door biday cutubyada asaasiga ah sababtoo ah hawlgalkeeda fudud iyo qiimo jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaddidaadda bandhigga faraha ee budada dhaqameedku ma daboolayso baahida farsamoyaqaannada dembiilayaasha, sida midabada qallafsan ee kala duwan iyo walxaha shayga goobta dembigu ka dhacay, iyo farqiga liidata ee u dhexeeya faraha iyo midabka asalka; Cabbirka, qaabka, viscosity, saamiga ka kooban, iyo waxqabadka qaybaha budada waxay saameeyaan dareenka muuqaalka budada; Xulashada budada dhaqameedku waa mid liidata, gaar ahaan kor u qaadista walxaha qoyan ee budada, taas oo aad u yaraynaysa horumarinta xulashada budada dhaqameed. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, shaqaalaha cilmiga dambiyada iyo tignoolajiyada ayaa si joogto ah u baarayay agabka iyo hababka isku dhafka ah, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiindhul dhif ahQalabka luminescent-ka ayaa soo jiitay dareenka sayniska dembiilayaasha iyo shaqaalaha tignoolajiyada iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay sifooyinkooda luminescent gaar ah, ka duwanaanshiyaha sare, dareenka sare, xulashada sare, iyo sunta hoose ee codsiga sawirka faraha. Wareegyada 4f ee naadirka ah ee curiyeyaasha dhulka ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u buuxiya iyaga oo siinaya heerar tamar aad u qani ah, iyo 5s iyo 5P lakabka elektaroonigga ah ee curiyayaasha dhulka naadirka ah ayaa si buuxda loo buuxiyay. Lakabka 4f elektarooniga waa la ilaaliyaa, taasoo siinaysa lakabka 4f elektarooniga qaab dhaqdhaqaaq gaar ah. Sidaa darteed, canaasiirta naadirka ah ee dhulka waxay soo bandhigaan degenaansho aad u wanaagsan iyo xasilooni kiimikaad iyada oo aan la sawirin, ka gudubta xaddidaadaha midabada dabiiciga ah ee sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo. Intaa waxaa dheer,dhul dhif ahcuriyayaasha sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin sifooyin koronto iyo magnetic heer sare ah marka loo eego walxaha kale. The sifooyinka indhaha gaarka ah eedhul dhif ahions, sida cimri dherer dheer, nuugista cidhiidhi ah iyo xadhkaha qiiqa, iyo nuugista tamarta weyn iyo nuglaanta qiiqa, ayaa soo jiitay dareenka baahsan ee cilmi baarista la xidhiidha muujinta faraha.
Ka mid ah tiro badandhul dhif ahcuriyayaasha,europiumwaa sheyga ugu badan ee la isticmaalo. Demarcay, daahfurahaeuropiumSannadkii 1900, ayaa markii ugu horreysay lagu sharraxay khadadka fiiqan ee nuugista spectrum ee Eu3+ ee xalka. 1909kii, Urban wuxuu ku tilmaamay cathodoluminescenceGd2O3: Eu3+. Sannadkii 1920-kii, Prandtl wuxuu markii ugu horreysay daabacay muuqaalka nuugista ee Eu3+, isagoo xaqiijinaya indha-indheynta De Mare. Nuugista spectrum ee Eu3+ waxa lagu muujiyey Jaantuska 1. Eu3+ waxa ay inta badan ku taallaa C2 orbital si ay u fududayso kala guurka elektarooniga ah ee 5D0 ilaa 7F2, si ay u sii deyso fluorescence cas. Eu3+ waxay gaari kartaa u gudubka elektarooniga gobolka dhulka una gudubta heerka tamarta gobolka ugu xiisaha badan gudaha baaxadda hirarka iftiinka ee muuqda. Marka la eego kicinta iftiinka ultraviolet, Eu3+ waxay soo bandhigaysaa sawir qaade casaan ah oo xooggan. Noocan ah photoluminescence kaliya maaha mid lagu dabaqi karo Eu3+ions oo lagu dabay substrates crystal ama muraayadaha, laakiin sidoo kale dhismooyinka lagu farsameeyayeuropiumiyo silsilado organic. Xidhiidhadani waxay u adeegi karaan anteenooyinkooda si ay u nuugaan iftiinka kicinta oo ay u gudbiyaan tamarta kicinta heerarka tamarta sare ee Eu3+ions. Codsiga ugu muhiimsan eeeuropiumwaa budada fluorescent casY2O3: Eu3+(YOX) waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah nalalka dhaadheer. Dareenka iftiinka cas ee Eu3 + laguma gaari karo oo keliya iftiinka ultraviolet, laakiin sidoo kale iftiinka elektarooniga ah (cathodoluminescence), X-ray γ shucaaca α ama β Particle, electroluminescence, iftiinka ama iftiinka farsamada, iyo hababka chemiluminescence. Sababo la xiriira astaamaheeda iftiinka ee hodanka ah, waa baaritaan bayooloji oo si ballaaran loo isticmaalo dhinacyada cilmiga bayoolajiga ama cilmiga noolaha. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxa ay sidoo kale kicisay xiisaha cilmi-baarista ee cilmi-baarista dambiyada iyo shaqaalaha tignoolajiyada ee cilmiga dambi-baarista, siinta doorasho wanaagsan oo lagu jebiyo xaddidaadda habka budada dhaqameed ee muujinta faraha, waxayna leedahay muhiimad weyn oo lagu hagaajinayo isbarbardhigga. dareenka, iyo xulashada sawirka faraha.
Jaantuska 1 Eu3+ Nuugista Spectrogram
1, luminescence mabda'anaadirka dhulka europiumdhismooyinka
Gobolka dhulka iyo qaabaynta elektarooniga ah ee gobolka oo faraxsaneuropiumions labaduba waa nooca 4fn. Sababtoo ah saamaynta ugu fiican ee gaashaanka ee s iyo d orbitals agagaarka aheuropiumions on the 4f orbitals, ff kala guurka eeeuropiumions waxay soo bandhigaan xadhig toosan oo fiiqan iyo cimri dherer dheer. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah waxtarka photoluminescence hooseeya ee ions europium ee ultraviolet iyo iftiinka muuqda, ligands organic waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo dhismo leheuropiumions si loo hagaajiyo isku-dhafka nuugista ee ultraviolet iyo gobollada iftiinka muuqda. Fluorescence ay sii daysayeuropiumdhismooyinku ma aha oo kaliya inay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka gaarka ah ee xoojinta iftiinka sare iyo nadiifnimada sare ee fluorescence, laakiin sidoo kale waa lagu hagaajin karaa iyada oo la adeegsanayo waxtarka sare ee nuugista xeryahooda organic ee ultraviolet iyo iftiinka muuqda. Tamarta kicinta ee loo baahan yahayeuropiumion photoluminescence waa sarreeyaa yaraanta waxtarka fluorescence hooseeya. Waxaa jira laba mabaadi'da luminescence ugu weyn eenaadirka dhulka europiumdhismooyinka: mid waa photoluminescence, taas oo u baahan ligand eeeuropiumdhismooyinka; Dhinac kale ayaa ah in saamaynta anteenada ay hagaajin karto dareenkaeuropiumion luminescence.
Ka dib markii uu ku faraxsan yahay ultraviolet dibadda ah ama iftiin muuqda, ligand organic ee ku jiradhul dhif ahKala-guurka adag ee laga bilaabo gobolka dhulka S0 una gudbaya gobolka keli-dilaaca ee xiisaha leh ee S1. Electrons-ka xamaasadda leh ayaa ah kuwa aan degganayn oo ku soo noqda gobolka S0 iyada oo loo marayo shucaac, sii daaya tamarta ligand si ay u sii daayaan fluorescence, ama si isdaba joog ah ugu boodaan xaaladdeeda xiisaha leh ee T1 ama T2 iyada oo loo marayo habab aan shucaac ahayn; Saddexda dawladood ee faraxsan ayaa tamarta ku sii daaya shucaac si ay u soo saaraan phosphorescence ligand, ama ugu wareejiyaan tamartabiraha europiumions iyada oo loo marayo wareejinta tamarta intramolecular ee aan shucaac ahayn; Ka dib markii la faraxsan yahay, europium ions waxay ka gudubtaa gobolka dhulka ilaa gobolka faraxsan, iyoeuropiumions ee xaaladda xiisaha leh ee u gudubka heerka tamarta hooseeya, ugu dambeyntii waxay ku soo noqdaan gobolka dhulka, sii daaya tamarta iyo abuurista fluorescence. Sidaa darteed, adigoo soo bandhigaya ligands organic ku habboon si ay ula falgalaandhul dhif ahions iyo dareensiiya ayoonooyinka birta dhexe iyada oo loo marayo wareejinta tamarta shucaaca ee unugyada, saamaynta fluorescence ee ions naadirka ah ee dhulku si weyn ayaa loo kordhin karaa waxaana la yarayn karaa baahida tamarta kicinta dibadda. Dhacdadan waxaa loo yaqaan saamaynta anteenada ee ligands. Jaantuska heerka tamarta wareejinta tamarta ee Eu3+complexes ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka 2.
Inta lagu jiro habka wareejinta tamarta ee laga soo bilaabo gobolka xiisaha leh ee saddex-geesoodka ah ilaa Eu3+, heerka tamarta ee ligand triplet state excited ayaa looga baahan yahay inuu ka sarreeyo ama la socdo heerka tamarta ee Eu3+. Laakiin marka heerka tamarta saddex-geesoodka ah ee ligand uu aad uga weyn yahay tamarta gobolka ugu xiisaha badan ee Eu3+, waxtarka wareejinta tamarta ayaa sidoo kale si weyn loo dhimi doonaa. Marka farqiga u dhexeeya gobolka saddex-geesoodka ah ee ligand iyo heerka ugu xiisaha badan ee Eu3+ uu yar yahay, xoojinta fluorescence way daciifi doontaa iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay saameynta heerka deactivation kulaylka ee gobolka saddex-geesoodka ah ee ligand. β- Dhismayaasha Diketone waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka isugeynta nuugista UV ee xooggan, awood isku dubarid xoog leh, wareejin tamar hufan lehdhul dhif ahs, waxayna ku jiri karaan qaabab adag iyo dareere labadaba, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah seedaha aadka loo isticmaalodhul dhif ahdhismooyinka.
Jaantuska 2 jaantuska heerka tamarta ee wareejinta tamarta ee Eu3+complex
2.Synthesis Method ofNaadirka Dhulka EuropiumIsku-dhafan
2.1 Habka isku dhafka heerkul sare
Habka heer-kulka sare ee adag-state waa habka inta badan loo isticmaalo diyaarintadhul dhif ahqalabka luminescent, iyo sidoo kale waxaa si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa in wax soo saarka warshadaha. Habka isku-dhafka heer-kulka-sare ee heerkulku waa fal-celinta is-dhex-galka walxaha adag ee hoos yimaada xaaladaha heerkulka sare (800-1500 ℃) si loo dhaliyo xeryahooda cusub iyadoo la faafinayo ama lagu qaadayo atamka ama ions adag. Habka wejiga adag ee heerkulka sare ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu diyaariyodhul dhif ahdhismooyinka. Marka hore, fal-celiyeyaasha ayaa isku qasan saami go'an, iyo qadar ku habboon oo qulqulaya ayaa lagu daraa hoobiye si loo shiido si fiican si loo hubiyo isku darka isku midka ah. Ka dib, fal-celiyeyaasha dhulka waxaa lagu dhejiyaa foorno heerkul sare leh si loo calcino. Inta lagu jiro habka calcination-ka, oksaydhka, dhimista, ama gaaska aan shaqaynayn ayaa la buuxin karaa iyadoo loo eegayo baahida habka tijaabada. Ka dib marka la xisaabiyo heerkulka sare, matrix leh qaab dhismeed gaar ah ayaa la sameeyay, iyo firfircooniyaasha dhifka ah ee dhulka ayaa lagu daraa si ay u sameeyaan xarun iftiin leh. Dhismaha la kariyey wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu maro qaboojin, luqluqsi, qalajin, dib u shiidi, calcinayn, iyo baadhis heerkulka qolka si loo helo alaabta. Guud ahaan, habab badan oo shiidi iyo calcination ayaa loo baahan yahay. Shiididda badan waxay soo dedejin kartaa xawaaraha falcelinta waxayna ka dhigi kartaa falcelinta mid dhamaystiran. Tani waa sababta oo ah habka shiididdu waxay kordhisaa aagga xidhiidhka ee fal-celinta, si weyn u hagaajinaysa fidinta iyo xawaaraha gaadiidka ee ions iyo molecules ee fal-celinta, taas oo hagaajinaysa waxtarka falcelinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waqtiyada kala duwan ee calcination iyo heerkulka ayaa saameyn ku yeelan doona qaab dhismeedka matrix crystal sameeyay.
Heerkulka sare ee habka adag ee gobolka ayaa leh faa'iidooyinka hawlgalka habka fudud, kharash yar, iyo isticmaalka waqti gaaban, taas oo ka dhigaysa tignoolajiyada diyaarinta qaangaarka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dib-u-dhacyada ugu weyn ee habka heer-kulka sare ee adag-state-ku waa: marka hore, heerkulka falcelinta loo baahan yahay waa mid aad u sarreeya, taas oo u baahan qalab sare iyo qalab, waxay isticmaashaa tamar sare, wayna adagtahay in la xakameeyo morphology crystal. Qaab-dhismeedka alaabadu waa mid aan sinnayn, oo xitaa waxay keentaa in gobolka crystal uu dhaawacmo, taasoo saamaysa waxqabadka iftiinka. Marka labaad, shiidid ku filnaansho la'aantu waxay adkeynaysaa fal-celiyeyaasha inay si siman isugu daraan, qaybaha crystals-ka ayaa aad u weyn. Shiidista gacanta ama farsamada awgeed, wasakhdu si lama huraan ah ayaa loo qasaa si ay u saamayso iftiinka iftiinka, taasoo keentay nadiifnimada alaabta hooseysa. Arrinka saddexaad waa codsiga dahaarka aan sinnayn iyo cufnaanta liidata inta lagu jiro habka codsiga. Lai iyo al. isku dubariday taxane Sr5 (PO4) 3Cl hal-waji ah budo fluorescent polychromatic ah oo lagu shubay Eu3+iyo Tb3+iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka heer-kulka sare ee caadiga ah Marka loo eego kicinta ultraviolet ee u dhow, budada fluorescent waxay hagaajin kartaa midabka iftiinka fosfoorka ee gobolka buluuga ah ilaa gobolka cagaaran iyadoo loo eegayo xoojinta doping, hagaajinta cilladaha tusmada midabaynta hoose iyo heerkulka midabka sare ee la xidhiidha diodes cad oo iftiin leh. . Isticmaalka tamarta sare waa dhibaatada ugu weyn ee isku dhafka borofosfat ku salaysan budada fluorescent ee heerkulka sare leh habka adag ee gobolka. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, aqoonyahanno badan iyo in ka badan ayaa ka go'an in ay horumariyaan oo ay raadiyaan maadooyin ku habboon si ay u xalliyaan dhibaatada isticmaalka tamarta sare ee habka heer-kulka sare ee habka adag. 2015, Hasegawa et al. waxay dhamaystirtay heerkul hoose oo adag diyaarinta heerka Li2NaBP2O8 (LNBP) iyada oo la adeegsanayo kooxda booska P1 ee nidaamka triclin markii ugu horeysay. 2020, Zhu et al. ayaa sheegay dariiq isku-dhafan heerkul hooseeya oo heer-ku-ool ah oo loogu talagalay sheeko-yaqaan Li2NaBP2O8: Eu3+(LNBP: Eu) fosfoor, sahaminta isticmaalka tamar yar iyo dariiq isku-dhafan oo qiimo jaban oo loogu talagalay fosfoorrada aan dabiiciga ahayn.
2.2 Habka roobabka Co
Habka roobka wada-jirka ah sidoo kale waa habka isku-dhafka "kiimiko jilicsan" oo caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo diyaarinta walxaha naadirka dhulka ee naadirka ah. Habka roobka co-da'idu waxa uu ku lug leeyahay in lagu daro dabaylaha reactant-ka, kaas oo la falgala cations ee falcelis kasta si uu u sameeyo da' ama hydrolyzes fal-celiyeyaasha xaaladaha qaarkood si ay u sameeyaan oxides, hydroxides, cusbada aan la milmi karin, iwm. Alaabta bartilmaameedka ah waxaa lagu helaa sifeynta. dhaqidda, qalajinta, iyo hababka kale. Faa'iidooyinka habka roobabka wadajirka ah waa hawlgal sahlan, isticmaalka waqti gaaban, isticmaalka tamarta yar, iyo nadiifinta alaabta sare. Faa'iidada ugu caansan waa in cabbirkeeda yar yar uu si toos ah u dhalin karo nanocrystals. Dhibaatooyinka habka roobka ee co-da'da ayaa ah: marka hore, ifafaalaha isku-darka alaabta ee la helay waa mid daran, taas oo saameynaysa waxqabadka iftiinka ee walxaha fluorescent; Marka labaad, qaabka alaabtu ma cadda oo ay adag tahay in la xakameeyo; Marka saddexaad, waxaa jira shuruudo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay xulashada alaabta ceeriin, iyo xaaladaha roobabka ee u dhexeeya falcelin kasta waa inay noqdaan kuwo isku mid ah ama isku mid ah intii suurtagal ah, taas oo aan ku habboonayn codsiga qaybo badan oo nidaam ah. K. Petcharoen iyo al. nanoparticles magnetite spherical spherical iyadoo la isticmaalayo ammonium hydroxide sida daadad iyo kiimikaad habka roobka co. Acetic acid iyo oleic acid ayaa loo soo bandhigay sida wakiilada dahaarka inta lagu guda jiro marxaladda bilawga ah ee crystallization, iyo cabbirka nanoparticles magnetite waxaa lagu xakameynayay inta u dhaxaysa 1-40nm iyadoo la bedelayo heerkulka. Nanoparticles magnetite si fiican u kala firdhiyey in xal aqueous ayaa la helay iyada oo loo marayo wax ka beddelka dusha, hagaajinta ifafaale agglomeration ee qayb ee habka roobka co. Kee iyo al. marka la barbar dhigo saamaynta habka hydrothermal iyo habka roobabka co ee qaabka, qaab-dhismeedka, iyo cabbirka walxaha Eu-CSH. Waxay tilmaameen in habka hydrothermal uu dhaliyo nanoparticles, halka habka roobka wada uu dhaliyo qaybo hoose oo prismatic ah. Marka la barbar dhigo habka roobka ee co, habka hydrothermal wuxuu muujinayaa crystallinity sare iyo xoojinta photoluminescence ka wanaagsan diyaarinta budada Eu-CSH. JK Han iyo al. waxaa la sameeyay habka roobka co-da'da cusub iyadoo la adeegsanayo dareere aan biyo lahayn N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) si loogu diyaariyo (Ba1-xSrx) 2SiO4: Fosfor Eu2 oo leh qaybin cabbir cidhiidhi ah iyo waxtarka tirada sare ee u dhow nano wareegsan ama qaybo cabbir hoosaadka ah. DMF waxay yareyn kartaa falcelinta polymerization waxayna hoos u dhigi kartaa heerka falcelinta inta lagu jiro habka roobabka, ka caawinta ka hortagga isku-darka walxaha.
2.3 Habka isku-xidhka kulaylka ee Hydrothermal/millaha
Habka kulaylka biyaha ayaa bilaabmay bartamihii qarnigii 19aad markii cilmi-yaqaannada juqraafigu ay ku ekeeyeen macdanta dabiiciga ah. Horraantii qarnigii 20-aad, aragtidu si tartiib tartiib ah ayey u bislaatay oo hadda waa mid ka mid ah hababka kimisteriga ee xalka ugu rajada badan. Habka Hydrothermal waa habka loo isticmaalo uumiga biyaha ama xalalka aqueous sida dhexdhexaadka ah (si loo qaado ions iyo kooxaha molecular iyo wareejinta cadaadiska) si loo gaaro xaalad hoose ama heer sare ah oo heerkul sare ah iyo jawi xiran oo sarreeya (kii hore ayaa leh). heerkulka 100-240 ℃, halka kan dambe uu leeyahay heerkul ah ilaa 1000 ℃), dardargeli heerka falcelinta hydrolysis ee alaabta ceeriin, iyo marka la hoos keeno isku-uruurin xoog leh, ions iyo kooxaha molecular waxay ku faafaan heerkul hooseeya si dib loogu celiyo. Heerkulka, qiimaha pH, wakhtiga falcelinta, fiirsashada, iyo nooca horudhaca inta lagu jiro geedi socodka biyo-mareenada waxay saameeyaan heerka falcelinta, muuqaalka crystal, qaabka, qaab dhismeedka, iyo heerka kobaca ilaa heerar kala duwan. Korodhka heerkulka ma aha oo kaliya in uu dedejiyo kala dirida alaabta ceeriin, laakiin sidoo kale waxay kordhisaa isku dhaca waxtarka leh ee molecules si kor loogu qaado samaynta crystal. Heerarka korriinka kala duwan ee diyaarad kasta oo crystals ah oo ku jira kiristaalo pH ayaa ah arrimaha ugu waaweyn ee saameeya wajiga crystal, cabbirka, iyo qaab-dhismeedka. Dhererka waqtiga falcelinta ayaa sidoo kale saameeya korriinka crystal, iyo waqtiga dheer, ayaa aad ugu habboon koritaanka crystal.
Faa'iidooyinka habka hydrothermal waxaa inta badan lagu muujiyaa: marka hore, nadiifinta crystal sare, wasakh la'aan wasakhaysan, qaybinta qaybinta qayb cidhiidhi ah, dhalidda sare, iyo qaab-dhismeedka alaabta kala duwan; Midda labaad waa in habka qalliinku uu yahay mid fudud, kharashkuna waa yar yahay, isticmaalka tamartana waa yar yahay. Inta badan falcelinta waxaa lagu fuliyaa meel dhexe ama heerkul hooseeya, xaaladaha falcelintuna way fududahay in la xakameeyo. Kala duwanaanshaha codsigu waa mid ballaaran oo buuxin kara shuruudaha diyaarinta ee noocyada kala duwan ee alaabta; Marka saddexaad, cadaadiska wasakhowga deegaanku wuu hooseeyaa oo waa u saaxiib xagga caafimaadka hawl-wadeennada. Caqabada ugu weyni waa in horudhaca falcelinta ay si fudud u saamayso pH deegaanka, heerkulka, iyo waqtiga, iyo alaabtu waxay leedahay oksijiin hoose.
Habka solvothermal wuxuu isticmaalaa dareerayaasha organic sida dhexdhexaadinta falcelinta, oo sii ballaarinaysa ku-dhaqanka hababka hydrothermal. Sababo la xiriira kala duwanaanshiyaha muhiimka ah ee sifooyinka jirka iyo kiimikaad ee u dhexeeya dareerayaasha organic iyo biyaha, habka falcelinta ayaa aad u adag, muuqaalka, qaab dhismeedka, iyo cabbirka alaabada ayaa aad u kala duwan. Nallappan iyo al. Kiristaalo MoOx la sameeyay oo leh qaab-dhismeedka kala duwan ee xaashida ilaa nanorod iyadoo la xakameynayo waqtiga falcelinta habka hydrothermal iyadoo la adeegsanayo sodium dialkyl sulfate oo ah wakiilka hagaha crystal. Diawen Hu iyo al. Qalabka isku dhafan ee isku dhafan ee ku salaysan polyoxymolybdenum cobalt (CoPMA) iyo UiO-67 ama ka kooban kooxaha bipyridyl (UiO-bpy) iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka solvothermal iyadoo la wanaajinayo xaaladaha isku-dhafka.
2.4 Sol gel habka
Habka Sol jel waa hab kiimiko ah oo dhaqameed si loogu diyaariyo agabka shaqada ee aan organic ahayn, kaas oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo diyaarinta nanomaterials birta. Sannadkii 1846-kii, Elbelmen waxay markii ugu horreysay adeegsatay habkan si ay u diyaariso SiO2, laakiin isticmaalkeedu weli ma qaan-gaarin. Habka diyaarinta inta badan waa in lagu daro activator Earth dhif ah in xal falcelinta bilowga ah si ay dareeraha u rogrogmi si ay u sameeyaan jel, iyo jel la diyaariyey helaya alaabta bartilmaameedka ka dib daaweynta heerkulka. Fosfoor-ka ay soo saarto habka sol gel waxa uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeed wanaagsan iyo sifooyin dhismeed, badeecaduna waxa ay leedahay cabbir yar oo isku mid ah, laakiin iftiinkeedu waxa uu u baahan yahay in la hagaajiyo. Habka diyaarinta ee habka sol-gel waa mid sahlan oo sahlan in la shaqeeyo, heerkulka falcelinta ayaa hooseysa, waxqabadka nabdoonaanta ayaa sarreeya, laakiin waqtigu waa dheer yahay, iyo qadarka daaweyn kasta waa xaddidan yahay. Gaponenko et al. diyaariyey qaab-dhismeedka multilayer amorphous BaTiO3 / SiO2 by centrifugation iyo kulaylka daaweynta Sol-gel habka gudbinta wanaagsan iyo index refractive, oo tilmaamay in index refractive ee BaTiO3 filimka kordhin doonaa kororka fiirsashada Sol. Sannadkii 2007dii, kooxda cilmi-baadhista Liu L waxay si guul leh u qabsadeen Eu3+metal ion/sensitizer-ka aadka u xasiloon ee Eu3+metal ion/sensitizer in silica based nanocomposites and doped jel engegan iyadoo la isticmaalayo habka sol gel. Isku darka dhowr nooc oo kala duwan oo ah dareenka dhulka naadirka ah iyo qaab-dhismeedka silica nanoporous, isticmaalka 1,10-phenanthroline (OP) sensitizer ee tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) template ayaa bixisa fluorescence ugu fiican ee doped jel qalalan si loo tijaabiyo sifooyinka muuqaalka ee Eu3+.
2.5 Habka isku dhafka mikrowave
Habka isku dhafka Microwave waa cagaar cusub oo aan wasakh ahayn habka kiimikada kiimikada marka la barbar dhigo heerkulka sare ee habka adag ee gobolka, kaas oo si ballaaran loo isticmaalo isku-dhafka walxaha, gaar ahaan berrinka nanomaterial synthesis, oo muujinaya horumar wanaagsan. Microwave waa mowjad koronto-magneteed leh oo dhererkeedu yahay 1nn iyo 1m. Habka Microwave waa habka ay walxaha microscopic ee ku jira walxaha bilawga ah ay maraan polarization iyada oo ay saameynayaan awoodda korantada dibadda. Sida jihada foornooyinka korantada microwave-ku isbeddelo, dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo habaynta jihada dipoles si joogto ah ayey isu beddelaan. Jawaabta hysteresis ee dipoles, iyo sidoo kale beddelka tamarta kulaylka iyaga u gaar ah iyada oo aan loo baahnayn shil, khilaaf, iyo khasaaraha dielectric u dhexeeya atamka iyo molecules, gaadho saamaynta kululaynta. Sababtoo ah xaqiiqda ah in kuleyliyaha microwave uu si siman u kululeeyo nidaamka falcelinta oo dhan oo si dhakhso ah u dhaqmo tamarta, taas oo kor u qaadeysa horumarka falcelinta organic, marka la barbardhigo hababka diyaarinta dhaqameed, habka isku-darka microwave wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyinka xawaaraha falcelinta degdega ah, badbaadada cagaaran, yaryar iyo lebis. cabbirka walxaha walxaha, iyo nadiifnimada wajiga sare. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinnada intooda badani hadda waxay isticmaalaan mikrowayka nuugayaasha sida budada kaarboon, Fe3O4, iyo MnO2 si ay si dadban u bixiyaan kulaylka falcelinta. Walxaha si fudud u nuugo microwave-yadu oo kicin kara fal-celiyeyaasha laftoodu waxay u baahan yihiin sahan dheeraad ah. Liu iyo al. isku darka habka roobabka co iyo habka microwave si loo soo saaro lafdhabarta saafiga ah ee LiMn2O4 oo leh qaab-dhismeedka dalool iyo sifooyin wanaagsan.
2.6 Habka gubashada
Habka gubashada wuxuu ku salaysan yahay hababka kuleylka dhaqameed, kuwaas oo isticmaala gubashada walxaha organic si ay u abuuraan badeecada la beegsanayo ka dib marka xalku uumi baxo si qallayl. Gaaska ka dhasha gubashada walxaha dabiiciga ah ayaa si wax ku ool ah u hoos u dhigi karta dhacdooyinka agglomeration. Marka la barbardhigo habka kuleylka adag ee gobolka, waxay yaraynaysaa isticmaalka tamarta waxayna ku habboon tahay alaabooyinka leh shuruudaha heerkulka falcelinta hooseeya. Si kastaba ha noqotee, habka falcelinta waxay u baahan tahay in lagu daro isku-dhafka organic, taas oo kordhisa kharashka. Habkani waxa uu leeyahay awood wax-qabad yar oo aan ku habboonayn wax-soo-saarka warshadaha. Alaabta lagu soo saaro habka gubashada waxay leedahay qayb yar oo isku mid ah, laakiin habka falcelinta gaaban awgeed, waxaa jiri kara kiristaalo aan dhamaystirnayn, taas oo saameynaysa waxqabadka iftiinka ee crystals. Anning iyo al. waxa loo adeegsaday La2O3, B2O3, iyo Mg sidii agabka bilawga ah waxana loo adeegsaday milixda caawisay isku-dhafka gubashada si loo soo saaro budada LaB6 ee dufcadaha wakhti gaaban gudaheed.
3. Codsiganaadirka dhulka europiumdhismooyinka horumarinta faraha
Habka bandhiga budada waa mid ka mid ah hababka soo bandhigida faraha caadiga ah iyo kuwa caadiga ah. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, budada muujisa faraha faraha waxa loo qaybin karaa saddex qaybood: budo dhaqameed, sida budada magnetic oo ka kooban budada birta ah iyo budada kaarboon; Budada birta ah, sida budada dahabka ah,budo qalin ah, iyo budo kale oo bir ah oo leh qaab-dhismeedka shabakad; budada fluorescent. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, budada dhaqameedku waxay inta badan ku adag tahay muujinta faraha ama faraha hore ee walxaha asalka ah ee adag, waxayna leeyihiin saameyn sun ah oo gaar ah oo ku saabsan caafimaadka isticmaalayaasha. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, shaqaalaha sayniska iyo tignoolajiyada ayaa si isa soo taraysa u door biday adeegsiga agabka nano fluorescent ee sawirka faraha. Sababo la xiriira sifooyinka gaarka ah ee luminescent ee Eu3+ iyo codsiga baahsan eedhul dhif ahwalxaha,naadirka dhulka europiumdhismooyinku kaliya ma noqdeen goob cilmi baadhiseed oo ku saabsan cilmiga dambi baadhista, laakiin sidoo kale waxay bixiyaan fikrado cilmi baadhis oo ballaadhan oo muujinta faraha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Eu3+ ee dareeraha ama adkaha ah ayaa leh waxqabadka nuugista iftiinka liidata wuxuuna u baahan yahay in lagu daro ligands si loo dareemo oo loo sii daayo iftiinka, taas oo awood u siinaysa Eu3+ inay muujiso guryaha fluorescence ka xoog badan oo joogto ah. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, ligands inta badan la isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah β- Diketones, karboksylic acids iyo karboksilate cusbada, polymers organic, macrocycles supramolecular, iwm. Iyadoo cilmi-baaris qoto dheer iyo codsiganaadirka dhulka europiumdhismooyin, waxaa la ogaaday in jawiga qoyan, gariirka isuduwidda molecules H2Oeuropiumdhismooyinku waxay sababi karaan luminescence deminta. Sidaa darteed, si loo gaaro xulashada wanaagsan iyo isbarbardhigga xooggan ee muujinta faraha, waxaa loo baahan yahay in la isku dayo in la barto sida loo hagaajiyo xasilloonida kulaylka iyo farsamadaeuropiumdhismooyinka.
Sannadkii 2007, kooxda cilmi-baadhista ee Liu L ayaa hormuud u ahayd soo bandhigidaeuropiumdhismayaal galay goobta sawirka faraha markii ugu horeysay gudaha iyo dibadaba. Dabaylaha aadka u dhaadheer iyo iftiinka Eu3+ biraha ion/dareenka dareemayaasha ee lagu qabtay habka sol gel waxa loo isticmaali karaa ogaanshaha suurtagalka ah ee faraha ee agabyo kala duwan oo dambi-baadhiseed, oo ay ku jiraan bireed dahab ah, galaas, caag, warqad midab leh iyo caleemo cagaaran. Cilmi-baadhista sahamintu waxay soo bandhigtay habka diyaarinta, UV/Vis spectra, sifooyinka fluorescence, iyo calaamadaynta faraha natiijooyinkan cusub ee Eu3+/OP/TEOS nanocomposites.
Sannadkii 2014, Seung Jin Ryu et al. markii ugu horeysay waxay sameeyeen Eu3+complex ([EuCl2 (Phen) 2 (H2O) 2] Cl · H2O) ee hexahydrateyuuro chloride(EuCl3 · 6H2O) iyo 1-10 phenanthroline (Phen). Iyada oo loo marayo falcelinta is-dhaafsiga ion ee u dhexeeya ion sodium interlayer iyoeuropiumions kakan, xeryahooda isku-dhafan ee nano isku-dhafan (Eu (Phen) 2) 3+-dhagaxa saabuunta lithium ee la isku daray iyo Eu (Phen) 2) 3+- montmorillonite dabiiciga ah) ayaa la helay. Marka la eego kicinta nalka UV ee mawjadda dhererka 312nm, labada dhismooyin ma aha oo kaliya inay ilaaliyaan ifafaale muuqaal ah oo muuqaal ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin kuleyl sare, kiimiko, iyo xasilooni farsamo marka la barbar dhigo nadiifinta Eu3 +. sida birta ku jirta jirka ugu muhiimsan ee saabuunta lithium, [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- Saabuunta saabuunta lithium ayaa ka xoog badan iftiinka iftiinka marka loo eego [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- montmorillonite, iyo sawirka faraha ayaa muujinaya xariiqyo cad oo ka duwan xagga dambe. 2016, V Sharma et al. Aluminate strontium synthesized (SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+) budada fluorescent nano iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka gubashada. Budadu waxay ku haboon tahay muujinta faraha cusub iyo kuwa duugga ah ee walxaha la dami karo iyo kuwa aan daloolin sida warqadaha midabka caadiga ah, xaashida baakadaha, foil aluminium, iyo saxanadaha indhaha. Kaliya maaha inay muujiso dareenka sare iyo xulashada, laakiin sidoo kale waxay leedahay sifooyin dhalaalaya oo xoog leh oo dheer. 2018, Wang et al. CaS nanoparticles (ESM-CaS-NP) oo la diyaariyeyeuropium, samaroon, iyo manganese oo leh dhexroor celcelis ahaan 30nm. Nanoparticles-yada waxaa lagu daboolay isku-xidhka amphiphilic, taas oo u oggolaanaysa in si isku mid ah loogu kala firdhiyo biyaha iyada oo aan lumin waxtarkooda fluorescence; Wax ka beddelka ESM-CaS-NP dusha sare oo leh 1-dodecylthiol iyo 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (Arg-DT)/ MUA@ESM-CaS NPs waxay si guul leh u xalliyeen dhibaatada fluorescence deminta biyaha iyo isku-darka walxaha ay sababtay hydrolysis qayb ka mid ah nano fluorescent. budo. Budada fluorescent kaliya maaha inay soo bandhigto faraha suurtagalka ah ee walxaha ay ka midka yihiin foil aluminium, balaastiig, muraayado, iyo dhoobo dhoobo leh oo leh dareen sare, laakiin sidoo kale waxay leedahay ilo iftiin leh oo kala duwan oo uma baahna qalab sawir qaade qaali ah si loo muujiyo faraha. Isla sanadkaas, kooxda cilmi-baarista Wang waxay soo saartay taxane taxane aheuropiumka kooban [Eu (m-MA) 3 (o-Phen)] isticmaalaya ortho, meta, iyo p-methylbenzoic acid sida ligand ugu horeysay iyo ortho phenanthroline sida ligand labaad isticmaalaya habka roobab. Hooska 245nm shucaaca ultraviolet, faraha suurtagalka ah ee walxaha sida balaastikada iyo calaamadaha ganacsiga ayaa si cad loo soo bandhigi karaa. Sanadka 2019, Sung Jun Park et al. synthesized YBO3: Ln3+(Ln=Eu, Tb) fosfooraska iyada oo loo marayo habka solvothermal, si wax ku ool ah u wanaajiya ogaanshaha suurtagalka ah ee faraha iyo yaraynta faragelinta qaabka asalka. Sanadka 2020, Prabakaran et al. waxay soo saartay fluorescent Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · Cl3/D-Dextrose composite, iyadoo la isticmaalayo EuCl3 · 6H20 horudhac ahaan. Na [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) 3] Cl3 waxaa lagu farsameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo Phen iyo 5,5 '- DMBP iyada oo loo marayo habka dareeraha kulul, ka dibna Na [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) 3] Cl3 iyo D-Dextrose ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii horudhac si loo sameeyo Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · Cl3 iyada oo loo marayo habka adsorption. 3/D-Dextrose adag Iyada oo la adeegsanayo tijaabooyinka, isku-dhafka ayaa si cad u muujin kara faraha walxaha sida koofiyadaha caaga ah, muraayadaha, iyo lacagta Koonfur Afrika ee hoos yimaada xiisaha iftiinka qorraxda 365nm ama iftiinka ultraviolet, oo leh kala duwanaansho sare iyo waxqabadka fluorescence deggan. 2021, Dan Zhang et al. si guul leh u qaabeeyey oo u farsameeyey hexanuclear novel Eu3 + Complex Eu6 (PPA) 18CTP-TPY oo leh lix goobood oo xidhitaan ah, kaas oo leh xasilloonida kuleylka fluorescence aad u fiican (<50 ℃) waxaana loo isticmaali karaa muujinta faraha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tijaabooyin dheeraad ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo go'aamiyo noocyada martida ku habboon. 2022, L Brini et al. Si guul leh u farsameeyay Eu: Y2Sn2O7 budada fluorescent iyada oo loo marayo habka roobka iyo daawaynta dheeraadka ah, taas oo muujin karta faraha suurtagalka ah ee alwaax iyo walxaha aan la taaban karin. Isla sanadkaas, kooxda cilmi-baarista Wang waxay soo saartay NaYF4: Yb iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka isku-dhafka kuleylka, Er@YVO4 Eu core Shell nooca nanofluorescence, kaas oo dhalin kara fluorescence cas hoos 254nm ultraviolet excitation iyo fluorescence cagaaran dhalaalaya oo ka hooseeya 980nm u dhow-infrared excitation, gaaritaanka qaab dual bandhigaya faraha suurtagalka ah ee martida. Sawirka faraha ee suurtogalka ah ee walxaha sida dhoobada dhoobada ah, bacaha balaastigga ah, aluminium aluminium, RMB, iyo warqad xaraf leh oo midab leh ayaa muujinaya dareen sare, xulashada, isbarbardhigga, iyo iska caabin xooggan ee faragelinta asalka.
4 Muuqaalka
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, cilmi-baarista ku saabsannaadirka dhulka europiumdhismooyinku waxay soo jiiteen dareen badan, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay sifadooda aadka u wanaagsan ee indhaha iyo magnetic sida xoojinta iftiinka sare, nadiifnimada midabka sare, cimriga dheer ee fluorescence, nuugista tamarta weyn iyo nusqaamaha qiiqa, iyo meelaha ugu sarreeya nuugista. Iyadoo qoto dheer oo cilmi baaris ah oo ku saabsan walxaha dhifka ah ee dhulka, codsiyadooda dhinacyo kala duwan sida iftiinka iyo soo bandhigida, cilmiga noolaha, beeraha, militariga, warshadaha macluumaadka elektarooniga ah, gudbinta macluumaadka indhaha, fluorescence anti-faalso, ogaanshaha fluorescence, iwm ayaa noqonaya mid sii faafaya. sifooyinka indhaha eeeuropiumdhismooyinku aad bay u fiican yihiin, goobahooda codsiyaduna si tartiib tartiib ah ayey u fidayaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, la'aanta xasiloonida kulaylka, sifooyinka farsamada, iyo habsocodka ayaa xaddidi doona codsiyadooda la taaban karo. Laga soo bilaabo dhinaca cilmi-baarista hadda, cilmi-baarista codsiga ee sifooyinka indhaha eeeuropiumdhismooyinka ku jira cilmiga dambi baarista waa in ay inta badan diirada saaraan hagaajinta sifooyinka indhahaeuropiumiskudhafka iyo xallinta dhibaatooyinka walxaha fluorescent ee u nugul isu-ururinta deegaanka qoyan, ilaalinta xasilloonida iyo hufnaanta iftiinkaeuropiumisku dhafan ee xalal aqueous. Maalmahan, horumarka bulshada iyo sayniska iyo tignoolajiyada ayaa soo bandhigay shuruudo sare oo loogu talagalay diyaarinta agabka cusub. Iyadoo buuxinaysa baahida codsiga, waa inay sidoo kale u hoggaansamaan sifooyinka naqshadaynta kala duwan iyo qiimaha jaban. Sidaa darteed, baaritaan dheeraad ah oo ku saabsaneuropiumdhismooyinku waxay muhiimad weyn u leeyihiin horumarinta khayraadka dhulka naadirka ah ee Shiinaha iyo horumarinta sayniska iyo tignoolajiyada dambiyada.
Waqtiga boostada: Nov-01-2023