Codsiga Walxaha Dunida Naadirka ah ee Walxaha Nukliyeerka

1. Qeexida Walxaha Nukliyeerka

Dareen ballaadhan, walxaha nukliyeerka waa ereyga guud ee agabka si gaar ah loogu isticmaalo warshadaha nukliyeerka iyo cilmi-baarista sayniska nukliyeerka, oo ay ku jiraan shidaalka nukliyeerka iyo qalabka injineernimada nukliyeerka, ie walxaha shidaalka nukliyeerka.

Walxaha sida caadiga ah loo tixraaco nukliyeerka waxay inta badan tixraacaan agabka loo isticmaalo qaybaha kala duwan ee reactor-ka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano walxaha reactor.Agabka wax-soo-saarka waxaa ka mid ah shidaalka nukliyeerka ee hoos yimaada duqeynta neutron-ka, alaabta lagu dhejiyo qaybaha shidaalka nukliyeerka, qaboojiyeyaasha, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha neutron-ka (moderators), qalabka xakamaynta ulaha kuwaas oo si xooggan u nuugaya neutrons, iyo walxaha milicsiga ee ka hortagaya daadinta neutron ee ka baxsan reactor.

2. Xidhiidhka wadaaga ah ee ka dhexeeya khayraadka dhulka naadirka ah iyo khayraadka nukliyeerka

Monazite, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan phosphocerite iyo phosphocerite, waa macdano dheeri ah oo caadi ah oo ku jirta dhagaxa igneous acid dhexdhexaad ah iyo dhagax metamorphic ah.Monazite waa mid ka mid ah macdanta ugu muhiimsan ee macdanta birta ah ee dhifka ah, waxayna sidoo kale ku jirtaa dhagaxyada sedimentary.Casaan bunni ah, huruud ah, mararka qaarkood huruud ah, oo leh dhalaal dufan leh, kala goyn dhammaystiran, adkaanta Mohs ee 5-5.5, iyo cufnaanta gaarka ah ee 4.9-5.5.

Macdanta macdanta ugu weyn ee qaar ka mid ah kaydadka dhulka dhifka ah ee Shiinaha waa monazite, oo inta badan ku yaal Tongcheng, Hubei, Yueyang, Hunan, Shangrao, Jiangxi, Menghai, Yunnan, iyo He County, Guangxi.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, soo saarista nooca placer kheyraadka dhulka dhifka ah inta badan ma laha muhiimad dhaqaale.Dhagaxyada keligood ah waxay inta badan ka kooban yihiin curiyayaasha thorium-ka falceliya waxayna sidoo kale yihiin isha ugu weyn ee plutonium-ka ganacsiga.

3. Dulmarka codsiga dhulka dhifka ah ee fiyuuska nukliyeerka iyo fission nukliyeerka oo ku salaysan falanqaynta patent panoramic

Ka dib markii ereyada muhiimka ah ee walxaha naadirka ah ee raadinta dhulka si buuxda loo balaadhiyo, waxaa lagu daraa furayaasha ballaarinta iyo lambarada kala soocida fissionka nukliyeerka iyo isku dhafka nukliyeerka, waxaana lagu dhex baadhay xogta Incopt.Taariikhda raadinta waa Agoosto 24, 2020. 4837 rukhsad ayaa la helay ka dib isku darka qoyska fudud, iyo 4673 rukhsad ayaa la go'aamiyay ka dib dhimista buuqa macmalka ah.

Codsiyada patent-ka naadirka ah ee berrinka nukliyeerka nukliyeerka ama isku-dhafka nukliyeerka waxaa loo qaybiyaa 56 waddan / gobol, inta badan waxay ku urursan yihiin Japan, Shiinaha, Maraykanka, Jarmalka iyo Ruushka, iwm. Tiro badan oo shatiyo ah ayaa lagu dabaqay qaabka PCT , kuwaas oo codsiyada tignoolajiyada patent-ka ee Shiinaha ay sii kordhayaan, gaar ahaan tan iyo 2009, oo galaya marxalad kobac degdeg ah, iyo Japan, Maraykanka iyo Ruushka ayaa sii waday in ay qaabeeyaan goobtan sanado badan (Jaantus 1).

Jaantuska 1 Dhaqdhaqaaqa codsiga ee shatiyada tignoolajiyada ee la xidhiidha codsiga dhulka dhifka ah ee fission nukliyeerka iyo isku dhafka nukliyeerka ee wadamada/gobolada

Waxaa laga arki karaa falanqaynta mawduucyada farsamada in codsiga dhulka dhifka ah ee fiyuuska nukliyeerka iyo fission nukliyeerka diiradda saaraya walxaha shidaalka, scintilators, shucaaca detectors, actinides, plasmas, reactors nuclear, alaabta gaashaan, nuugista neutron iyo jihooyin kale oo farsamo.

4, Codsiyada Gaarka ah iyo Cilmi-baarista Shatiyada Furaha ee Walxaha Dunida Naadirka ah ee Walxaha Nukliyeerka

Waxaa ka mid ah, fiyuuska nukliyeerka iyo falcelinta nukliyeerka nukliyeerka ee walxaha nukliyeerka waa kuwo aad u daran, shuruudaha alaabaduna waa adag yihiin.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, reactors korontadu waxay u badan yihiin reactors nukliyeerka fission-ka, iyo reactors fiyuuska waxaa laga yaabaa in si weyn loo shaaciyo 50 sano ka dib.Codsiga eedhul dhif ahwalxaha ku jira qalabka dhismaha reactor;Goobo kiimiko ah oo nukliyeer ah oo gaar ah, walxaha dhifka ah ee dhulka ayaa inta badan loo adeegsadaa ulaha xakamaynta;Intaa waxaa dheer,scandiumWaxa kale oo loo adeegsaday kiimikada shucaaca iyo warshadaha nukliyeerka.

(1) Sida sun guban karta ama usha kantaroolka si loo hagaajiyo heerka neutronka iyo xaaladda muhiimka ah ee reactor nukliyeerka

Dib-u-kicinta tamarta, falcelinta horudhaca ah ee haraaga koofiyadaha cusub ayaa guud ahaan aad u sarreeya.Gaar ahaan marxaladaha hore ee wareegga koowaad ee shidaal-qaadista, marka dhammaan shidaalka nukliyeerka ee xuddunta uu yahay mid cusub, fal-celinta soo hartay waa tan ugu sareysa.Halkaa marka ay marayso, ku tiirsanaanta oo keliya kordhinta ulaha kantaroolka si loo magdhabo falcelinta haraaga waxay soo bandhigaysaa ulo badan oo kantarool ah.Ushii kantaroolka kasta (ama xidhmo ul) waxay u dhigantaa soo bandhigida habka wadista adag.Dhinaca kale, tani waxay kordhisaa kharashyada, dhinaca kale, furitaanka godadka madaxa markabka cadaadiska waxay keeni kartaa hoos u dhac ku yimaada xoogga qaabdhismeedka.Ma aha oo kaliya mid aan dhaqaale ahayn, laakiin sidoo kale looma ogola in ay leedahay qadar go'an oo porosity ah iyo xoogga qaabdhismeedka madaxa markabka cadaadiska.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo aan la kordhin ulaha kantaroolka, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la kordhiyo xoojinta sunta magdhowga kiimikada (sida boric acid) si loo magdhabo falcelinta soo hartay.Xaaladdan oo kale, way sahlan tahay in fiirsashada boronku ay dhaafto xadka, iyo heerkulka dhexdhexaadiyaha ayaa noqon doona mid togan.

Si looga fogaado dhibaatooyinka aan soo sheegnay, isku-darka sunta gubanaysa, ulaha xakamaynta, iyo xakamaynta magdhowga kiimikaad ayaa guud ahaan loo isticmaali karaa xakamaynta.

(2) Sida dopant si kor loogu qaado waxqabadka qalabka qaab-dhismeedka reactor

Reactors waxay u baahan yihiin qaybo dhisme ah iyo walxaha shidaalka si ay u yeeshaan heer gaar ah oo xoog ah, caabbinta daxalka, iyo xasilooni kulaylka sare, iyada oo sidoo kale ka hortagaysa alaabada fissionka inay galaan qaboojiyaha.

1) birta dhulka naadir ah

Qalabka nukliyeerka wuxuu leeyahay xaalado jireed iyo kiimiko oo aad u daran, qayb kasta oo ka mid ah reactor waxay sidoo kale leedahay shuruudo sare oo loogu talagalay birta gaarka ah ee loo isticmaalo.Walxaha dhulku naadirka ah waxay leeyihiin saamayn gaar ah oo wax ka beddelka birta, inta badan ay ku jiraan sifaynta, metamorphism, microalloying, iyo hagaajinta caabbinta daxalka.Biraha naadirka ah ee ay ku jiraan birta ayaa sidoo kale si weyn loogu isticmaalaa reactors nukliyeerka.

① Saamaynta Nadiifinta: Cilmi-baadhistii jirtay ayaa muujisay in dhulalka dhifka ah ay saamayn sifayn wanaagsan ku leeyihiin birta dhalaalaysa heerkulka sare.Tani waa sababta oo ah dhulalka dhifka ah waxay ka falcelin karaan walxaha waxyeelada leh sida ogsijiinta iyo baaruudka ee birta dhalaalaysa si ay u dhaliyaan isku-dhisyo heerkul sare leh.Xeryahooda heerkulka sare waa la soo dajin karaa oo lagu sii dayn karaa qaab ka mid ah ka hor inta aysan isku ururin birta dhalaalaysa, taas oo hoos u dhigaysa waxyaabaha wasakhaysan ee ku jira birta dhalaalaysa.

② Metamorphism: Dhanka kale, oksaydhyada, sulfides ama oxysulfides ee ay dhaliso falcelinta dhulka dhifka ah ee birta dhalaalaysa ee leh walxo waxyeello leh sida ogsijiin iyo baaruud ayaa qayb ahaan lagu hayn karaa birta dhalaalisay oo waxay noqon karaan kuwo lagu daro birta leh barta dhalaalaysa sare. .Ku darida kuwan waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii xarumo nukleation heterogeneous inta lagu jiro adkeynta birta dhalaalaysa, sidaas darteed hagaajinta qaabka iyo qaab dhismeedka birta.

③ Microalloying: haddii lagu daro dhulka dhifka ah la sii kordhiyo, dhulka naadirka ah ee soo hadhay waxa lagu milmi doonaa birta ka dib marka sifaynta sare iyo metamorphism la dhammeeyo.Maadaama radius-ka atomiiga ah ee dhulku naadirka ah uu ka weyn yahay kan atomka birta, dhul dhif ah ayaa leh dhaq-dhaqaaq sare oo dusha sare ah.Inta lagu jiro habka adag ee birta dhalaalaysa, walxaha dhifka ah ee dhulka ayaa lagu kobciyaa xadka hadhuudhka, taas oo si fiican u yareyn karta kala-soocidda walxaha wasakhda ah ee xadka hadhuudhka, sidaas darteed xoojinta xalka adag iyo ciyaarista doorka microalloying.Dhanka kale, iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay sifooyinka kaydinta hydrogen ee dhulalka naadir ah, waxay ku nuugi karaan hydrogen ee birta, taas oo si wax ku ool ah u wanaajineysa ifafaalaha embrittlement hydrogen ee birta.

④ Hagaajinta caabbinta daxalka: Ku-darka walxaha dhifka ah ee dhulka ayaa sidoo kale hagaajin kara caabbinta daxalka ee birta.Tani waa sababta oo ah dhulalka naadirka ah ayaa leh awood daxaleysi sare oo ka sareysa birta aan birta lahayn.Sidaa darteed, ku darida dhulalka naadirka ah waxay kordhin kartaa awoodda is-daxalka ee birta-daxalka ah, taas oo hagaajinaysa xasilloonida birta ee warbaahinta daxalka ah.

2).Daraasadda Patent Furaha

Patentka furaha ah: shatiga ikhtiraacida ee kala firdhinta oksaydhku waxay xoojisay birta firfircoonida hoosaysa iyo habkeeda diyaarinta Machadka Biraha, Akademiyada Sayniska Shiinaha

Patent Abstract: La bixiyay waa kala firdhinta oksaydhka ee la xoojiyay birta firfircoonida hoose ee ku habboon reactors fiyuuska iyo habkeeda diyaarinta, oo lagu garto in boqolkiiba walxaha alloy ee wadarta guud ee birta firfircoonida hoose ay tahay: matrixku waa Fe, 0.08% ≤ C ≤ 0.15%, 8.0% ≤ Cr ≤ 10.0%, 1.1% ≤ W ≤ 1.55%, 0.1% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%, 0.03% ≤ Ta ≤ 0.2%, 0.0≤ 2O3 ≤ 0.5% .

Habka wax-soo-saarka: Fe-Cr-WV-Ta-Mn hooyada dhalada daawaynta, atomization budada, shiididda kubbadda tamarta sare ee daawaynta hooyada iyoY2O3 nanoparticlebudada isku dhafan, soo saarista baqshadda budada ah, qaabaynta adkaynta, duubista kulul, iyo daaweynta kulaylka.

Habka isku-darka naadirka ah ee dhulka: Ku dar nanoscaleY2O3Qaybaha waalidka daawaha atomized budada loogu talagalay shiididda kubbadda tamarta-sare, iyada oo dhexdhexaadinta kubbadda ay tahay Φ 6 iyo Φ 10 kubbadaha birta ah ee isku dhafan, oo leh jawi wax lagu shiilo oo ah 99.99% gaaska argon, saamiga walxaha kubbadda ee (8- 10): 1, wakhtiga kubbada wax lagu shubo oo ah 40-70 saacadood, iyo xawaare wareeg ah oo ah 350-500 r/min.

3) Waxaa loo adeegsaday samaynta walxaha ilaalinta shucaaca neutronka

① Mabda'a ilaalinta shucaaca neutron-ka

Neutrons waa qaybo ka mid ah nuclei-yada atomiga, oo leh miisaan joogto ah oo ah 1.675 × 10-27kg, taas oo 1838 jeer ka badan xajmiga elektaroonigga ah.Radius-kiisu waa qiyaastii 0.8 × 10-15m, oo la mid ah cabbirka proton, oo la mid ah γ Rays ayaa si isku mid ah aan loo dallacin.Marka neutron-yadu ay la falgalaan walxaha, waxay inta badan la falgalaan xoogagga nukliyeerka ee ku jira xudunta, mana la falgalaan elektaroonigga qolofta dibadda ah.

Iyada oo horumarka degdega ah ee tamarta nukliyeerka iyo tignoolajiyada fal-celinta nukliyeerka, aad iyo aad ayaa fiiro gaar ah loo siiyay badbaadada shucaaca nukliyeerka iyo ilaalinta shucaaca nukliyeerka.Si loo xoojiyo ilaalinta shucaaca ee hawl-wadeennada ku hawlanaa dayactirka qalabka shucaaca iyo badbaadinta shilalka muddo dheer, waa muhiimad cilmiyeed iyo qiimo dhaqaale oo weyn si loo horumariyo isku-dhafka khafiifka ah ee dharka ilaalinta.Shucaaca Neutronku waa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee shucaaca fal-celinta nukliyeerka.Guud ahaan, inta badan neutron-yada xidhiidhka tooska ah la leh bini'aadamka ayaa lagu dejiyay tamarta tamarta yar ka dib markii ay saamaysay gaashaanka neutron-ka ee walxaha qaab dhismeedka gudaha reactor nukliyeerka.Neutrons tamar yar ayaa ku dhici doona nuklei leh nambarka atomiga hoose oo si qotodheer ah waxayna sii wadi doontaa in la dhexdhexaadiyo.Neutron-yada kulaylka dhexdhexaadka ah waxaa nuugi doona curiyeyaasha leh qaybaha nuugista neutron-ka ee waaweyn, ugu dambeyntiina gaashaanka neutron-ka ayaa la gaari doonaa.

② Daraasadda Patent Furaha

The daloolin iyo organic-inorganic sifooyinka hybrid eecuriyaha dhulka naadirgadoliniumWalxaha qalfoofka dabiiciga ah ee birta ku salaysan waxay kordhiyaan la jaanqaadkooda polyetylen, kor u qaadida walxaha isku dhafan ee isku dhafan si ay u yeeshaan nuxur sare oo gadolinium ah iyo fidsanaan gadolinium.Maaddada sare ee gadolinium iyo kala firdhisanaanta waxay si toos ah u saameyn doontaa waxqabadka gaashaanka neutron-ka ee walxaha isku dhafan.

Patent Furaha: Machadka Hefei ee Sayniska Qalabka, Akadeemiyada Sayniska Shiinaha, Patent hal-abuurka gadolinium oo ku saleysan qaab-dhismeed dabiici ah oo ka kooban walxaha gaashaanka iyo habka diyaarintiisa

Alaabta Patent: Gadolinium-ku-saleysan birta qalfoofka organic-ga ah ee isku-dhafka ah waa walxo isku-dhafan oo lagu sameeyay isku-dargadoliniumWalxaha qalfoofka dabiiciga ah ee birta ku salaysan oo leh polyetylen oo miisaankeedu yahay 2:1:10 kuna samaynaysa uumiga dareeraha ama cadaadis kulul.Gadolinium-ku-salaysan birta ku salaysan qalfoofka organic ka kooban walxaha gaashaan ayaa leh degganaansho kulayl sare leh iyo kuleyl heersare ah oo difaaca niyuutron

Habka wax-soo-saarka: xulashada kala duwanbiraha gadoliniumcusbada iyo ligands organic si ay u diyaariyaan oo u habayn noocyada kala duwan ee gadolinium ku salaysan biraha qalfoof organic, iyaga ku maydh molecules yar yar ee methanol, ethanol, ama biyo by centrifugation, iyo ku hawlgelinta heerkulka sare ee hoos xaaladaha faakuum si buuxda u saarayso haraaga alaabta ceeriin ee aan falcelin. ee daloolada ee qalabka qalfoofka organic ee ku salaysan gadolinium;Qalabka lafaha organometallic ee ku saleysan gadolinium-ka ee loo diyaariyey tallaabo ayaa lagu walaaqay kareemka polyetylen xawaare sare, ama ultrasonically, ama qalabka qalfoofka ee gadolinium ku saleysan organometallic organometallic ee loo diyaariyey tallaabo ayaa dhalaalay oo lagu milmay polyetylen ultra-sare leh heerkul sare ilaa si buuxda loo qaso;Geli birta qalfoofka dabiiciga ah ee la isku daray ee gadolinium/ isku darka polyetylenka, oo hel biraha la sameeyay ee gadolinium-ka la sameeyay ee qalfoofka dabiiciga ah ee isku dhafan adoo qallajinaya si kor loogu qaado uumiga dareeraha ama cadaadis kulul;Qalfoofka la diyaariyey ee birta ah ee ku salaysan qalfoofka dabiiciga ah ee walxaha gaashaanka ayaa si weyn u wanaajiyay iska caabbinta kulaylka, sifooyinka farsamada, iyo awoodda ilaalinta kuleylka kuleylka ee sare marka loo eego walxaha polyetylen-ka saafiga ah.

Habka isku-darka naadirka ah ee dhulka: Gd2 (BHC) (H2O) 6, Gd (BTC) (H2O) 4 ama Gd (BDC) 1.5 (H2O) 2 polymer iskuduwidda crystalline daldalool oo ka kooban gadolinium, kaas oo lagu helo isuduwidda polymerizationGd (NO3) 3 • 6H2O ama GdCl3 • 6H2Oiyo ligand carboxylate organic;Cabbirka qalabka qalfoofka dabiiciga ah ee birta ku saleysan ee gadolinium waa 50nm-2 μm

(4) CodsigaScandiumee Radiochemistry iyo warshadaha nukliyeerka

Birta Scandium waxay leedahay xasillooni kulayl wanaagsan iyo waxqabad nuugista fluorine oo xooggan, taasoo ka dhigaysa shay lagama maarmaan u ah warshadaha tamarta atamka.

Patent Furaha: Shiinaha Horumarinta Aerospace Development Machadka Beijing ee Aeronautical Materials, patent ah invention for aluminium zinc magnesium alloy alloy iyo habka diyaarintiisa

Astaanta shatiga: zinc aluminium ahdaawaha magnesium scandiumiyo habka diyaarintiisa.Halabuurka kiimikada iyo boqolkiiba miisaanka aluminium zinc magnesium alloy alloy waa: Mg 1.0% -2.4%, Zn 3.5% -5.5%, Sc 0.04% -0.50%, Zr 0.04% -0.35%, wasakh Cu ≤ 0.2%, Si ≤ 0.35%, Fe ≤ 0.4%, wasakhda kale hal ≤ 0.05%, wasakhda kale wadarta guud ≤ 0.15%, inta soo hartayna waa Al.Qaab-dhismeed-yareedka aluminium-ka zinc magnesium-ka walxaha aluminiumka ah waa lebbis oo waxqabadkiisu waa deggan yahay, oo leh xoogga ugu dambeeya ee ka sarreeya 400MPa, awoodda wax-soo-saarka ee ka badan 350MPa, iyo xoogga xajinta ee ka badan 370MPa ee kala-goysyada alxanka.Alaabooyinka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa qaab dhismeed ahaan hawada hawada, warshadaha nukliyeerka, gaadiidka, alaabta ciyaaraha, hubka iyo qaybaha kale.

Habka wax-soo-saarka: Talaabada 1, walaxda sida ku cad halabuurka daawaha ee kore;Tallaabada 2: Ku dhalaali foornada dhalaalaysa heerkul ah 700 ℃ ~ 780 ℃;Talaabada 3: Sifee dareeraha birta ee gebi ahaanba dhalaalay, oo ilaali heerkulka birta inta u dhaxaysa 700 ℃ ~ 750 ℃ ​​inta lagu jiro sifaynta;Tallaabada 4: Sifeynta ka dib, waa in si buuxda loo oggolaadaa inay istaagto;Talaabada 5: Ka dib markaad si buuxda u istaagto, bilow tuurista, ilaali heerkulka foornada inta u dhaxaysa 690 ℃ ~ 730 ℃, iyo xawaaraha tuurista waa 15-200mm / daqiiqo;Tallaabo 6: Samee daawaynta annealing homogenization on daawaha ingot foornada kululaynta, oo leh heerkulka homogenization ah 400 ℃ ~ 470 ℃;Talaabada 7: Diir xinjirowga isku midka ah oo samee extrusion kulul si aad u soo saarto muuqaalo leh dhumuc darbi ah oo ka badan 2.0mm.Inta lagu jiro habka extrusion, billet waa in lagu hayaa heerkul ah 350 ℃ ilaa 410 ℃;Talaabada 8: Tuuji profile si aad daawaynta demiso, kulaylka xalku yahay 460-480 ℃;Talaabada 9: Kadib 72 saacadood ee xalalka adag ee deminta, gacanta ku qas gabowga.Habka da'da xoogga gacanta waa: 90 ~ 110 ℃ / 24 saacadood + 170 ~ 180 ℃ / 5 saacadood, ama 90 ~ 110 ℃ / 24 saacadood + 145 ~ 155 ℃ / 10 saacadood.

5. Kooban Cilmi-baadhis

Guud ahaan, dhulalka dhifka ah ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa isku-dhafka nukliyeerka iyo fission nukliyeerka, waxayna leeyihiin qaabab badan oo patent ah oo ku jira jihada farsamada sida x-ray-ga, samaynta plasma, reactor water light, transuranium, uranyl iyo budada oksaydhka.Dhanka agabka reactor-ka, dhulalka dhifka ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii qalab dhismeed reactor ah iyo agabka dahaadhka dhoobada ee la xidhiidha, agabka xakamaynta iyo agabka ilaalinta shucaaca neutronka.