Holmium, lambarka atomiga 67, atomikada miisaanka 164.93032, magaca curiyaha oo ka soo jeeda goobta uu ku dhashay ee sahaminta.
Nuxurkaholmiumqolofku waa 0.000115%, waxayna la jirtaa kuwa kalecuriyayaasha dhulka naadiree monazite iyo macdanta dhulka naadirka ah.Isotope-ka dabiiciga ah ee deggan waa kaliya holmium 165.
Holmium waxay ku xasilloon tahay hawo engegan waxayna si degdeg ah oksidize ugu keentaa heerkul sare;Holmium oxidewaxaa la og yahay in uu leeyahay sifooyinka paramagnetic ugu xooggan.
Isku dhafka holmium waxaa loo isticmaali karaa wax lagu daro walxaha ferromagnetic cusub;Holmium iodide waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo nalalka halide birta -nalalka Holmium, iyo laysarka Holmium ayaa sidoo kale si weyn loogu isticmaalaa goobta caafimaadka.
Helitaanka Taariikhda
Waxaa helay: JL Soret, PT Cleve
La helay 1878 ilaa 1879
Habka daahfurka: waxaa daahfuray JL Soret 1878;Waxaa helay PT Cleve 1879
Ka dib markii Mossander kala soocay erbium dhulka iyoterbiumdhul kayttriumDhulka 1842-kii, farmashiyaal badan ayaa isticmaalay falanqayn muuqaal ah si ay u aqoonsadaan oo ay u go'aamiyaan in aanay ahayn oksaydhyo saafi ah oo curiye ah, taas oo ku dhiirigelisay farmashiyaasha inay sii wadaan kala saaridooda.Ka dib markii la kala saaro ytterbium oxide iyoscandium oxideLaga soo bilaabo sed oksaydhized ah, Cliff wuxuu kala soocay laba oksaydhood oo elemental cusub 1879. Mid iyaga ka mid ah ayaa loo magacaabay Holmium si loo xuso Cliff ee dhalashada, magaca Latin qadiimiga Holmia ee Stockholm, Sweden, oo leh astaanta aasaasiga ah Ho.Sannadkii 1886-kii, curiye kale ayaa ka soocay holmium Bouvabadrand, laakiin magaca holmium waa la sii hayay.Markii la helay holmium iyo curiyeyaasha kale ee dhifka ah ee dhulka, marxalad kale oo daahfurka saddexaad ee curiyayaasha dhulka dhifka ah ayaa la dhammaystiray.
Qaabka elegtarooniga ah:
Qaabka elegtarooniga ah:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11
Waa bir, sida dysprosium, nuugi karta neutron-yada ay soo saarto fission nukliyeer ah.
Nuclear reactor, dhinaca kale, gubasho joogto ah ayaa la sameeyaa, dhinaca kale, xawaaraha falcelinta silsiladda ayaa la xakameynayaa.
Sharaxaada Cunsurka: Tamarta ionization ee ugu horreysa waa 6.02 volts elektaroonig ah.Leh dhalaal macdanWaxay si tartiib tartiib ah ula falcelin kartaa biyo waxayna ku milmi kartaa asiidhyada.milixdu waa jaale.Oksaydhka Ho2O2 waa cagaar khafiif ah.Ku milmi asiidhyada macdanta si aad u soo saarto milixyada jaalaha ah ee trivalent.
Ilaha curiyaha: waxaa lagu diyaariyaa hoos u dhigista holium fluoride HoF3 · 2H2O oo leh kaalshiyam.
Birta
Holmium waa bir cad oo lacag ah oo leh qaab jilicsan iyo dabacsanaan;Barta dhalaalka 1474 ° C, barta karkarinta 2695 ° C, cufnaanta 8.7947 g/cm mitirka holmium ³.
Holmium waxay ku xasilloon tahay hawo engegan waxayna si degdeg ah oksidize ugu keentaa heerkul sare;Holmium oxide waxaa la og yahay in uu leeyahay sifooyinka paramagnetic ugu xooggan.
Helitaanka xeryahooda loo isticmaali karo wax lagu daro walxaha ferromagnetic cusub;Holmium iodide loo isticmaalo soo saarista nalalka halide biraha - nalalka holmium
Codsiga
(1) Sida wax lagu daro nalalka halide birta ah, nalalka halide biraha waa nooc ka mid ah laambada soo daaya gaaska ee lagu sameeyay saldhigga sare ee nalalka meerkuri, oo lagu garto buuxinta nalka leh halides dhul dhif ah oo kala duwan.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, isticmaalka ugu muhiimsan waa iodide dhulka naadir ah, kaas oo soo saara midabyo kala duwan inta lagu jiro dheecaanka gaaska.Walaxda shaqada ee loo isticmaalo nalalka holmium waa holmium iodide, kaas oo gaari kara uruurin sare oo atomyada birta ah ee aagga arc, si weyn u hagaajinaya waxtarka shucaaca.
(2) Holmium waxa loo isticmaali karaa sidii wax lagu daro birta yttrium ama yttrium aluminium garnet.
(3) Ho: YAG doped yttrium aluminium garnet wuxuu soo saari karaa 2 μ M laser, unug bini'aadan ah oo ku yaal 2 μ Heerka nuugista m laser waa sarreeyaa, ku dhawaad saddex amar oo ka sarreeya kan Hd: YAG.Markaa marka la isticmaalayo Ho: YAG laser qalliinka caafimaadka, ma aha oo kaliya in la wanaajiyo waxtarka qalliinka iyo saxnaanta, laakiin sidoo kale aagga waxyeellada kulaylka ayaa lagu yarayn karaa cabbir yar.Laydhka bilaashka ah ee ay abuuraan kiristaalo Holmium waxay baabi'in kartaa dufanka iyada oo aan dhalin kulayl xad dhaaf ah, taas oo hoos u dhigaysa dhaawaca kulaylka ee unugyada caafimaadka qaba.Waxaa la sheegay in daawaynta laysarka holmium ee glaucoma ee Maraykanka ay yarayn karto xanuunka bukaanka qalliinka lagu samaynayo.Shiinaha 2 μ Heerka m laser crystals wuxuu gaaray heer caalami ah, waana in lagu dadaalaa sidii loo horumarin lahaa loona soo saari lahaa nooca laser crystals.
(4) Magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol D, qadar yar oo holmium ah ayaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loo yareeyo beerta dibadda ee looga baahan yahay magnetization saturation ee daawaha.
(5) Isticmaalka holium doped fiber waxay samayn kartaa aaladaha isgaadhsiinta indhaha sida fiber lasers, amplifiers fiber, iyo dareemayaasha fiber, kuwaas oo door muhiim ah ka ciyaari doona horumarka degdega ah ee isgaarsiinta fiber optic maanta.
(6) Holmium laser tignoolajiyada lithotripsy: Caafimaadka Holmium laser lithotripsy waxay ku habboon tahay dhagxaanta kelyaha adag, dhagxaanta kaadi mareenka, iyo dhagxaanta kaadiheysta ee aan la jebin karin lithotripsy shoog ka baxsan jidhka.Marka la isticmaalayo lithotripsy leysarka holmium ee caafimaadka, fiyuuska caatada ah ee leysarka holmium ee caafimaadka waxaa loo isticmaalaa in si toos ah loo gaaro kaadiheysta, kaadi mareenka, iyo dhagxaan kelyaha iyada oo loo marayo kaadi mareenka iyo kaadi mareenka iyada oo loo marayo cystoscope iyo ureteroscope.Kadib, khubarada kaadi mareenka ayaa maamula laser holium si ay u jebiyaan dhagxaanta.Faa'iidada habkan daaweynta laser holmium waa in ay xallin karto dhagxaanta kaadi mareenka, dhagxaan kaadiheysta, iyo inta badan dhagxaan kelyaha.Khasaaraha ayaa ah in qaar ka mid ah dhagxaanta ku jira kelyaha sare iyo hoose, waxaa laga yaabaa inay jiraan xaddi yar oo dhagax ah oo haraaga ah sababtoo ah awood la'aanta fiilada holmium laser ee ka soo galaya kaadi-mareenka si ay u gaarto goobta dhagaxa.
Waqtiga boostada: Agoosto-16-2023