Tirada atomiga eethulium elementwaa 69 oo miisaankeeduna waa 168.93421.Waxa ku jira qolofka dhulku waa saddex-meelood laba meel 100000, taas oo ah curiyaha ugu yar ee curiyayaasha dhulka naadir ah.Waxay inta badan ku jirtaa silico beryllium yttrium ore, dahabka madow ee dhifka ah ee dhulka, fosfooraska yttrium ore, iyo monazite.Tirada guud ee canaasiirta naadirka ah ee monazite ayaa guud ahaan gaadha 50%, iyada oo thulium ay ku xisaabtanto 0.007%.Isotope-ka xasilloon ee dabiiciga ah waa kaliya thulium 169. Si ballaaran loo isticmaalo ilaha tamarta xoogga leh ee tamarta sare, lasers, superconductors heerkul sare, iyo goobo kale.
Helitaanka Taariikhda
Waxaa helay: PT Cleve
La helay 1878kii
Ka dib markii Mossander ay kala soocday dhulka erbium iyo dhulka terbium ee dhulka yttrium 1842, farmashiyeyaal badan ayaa isticmaalay falanqaynta muuqaalka si ay u aqoonsadaan oo ay u go'aamiyaan inaysan ahayn oksaydh saafi ah oo curiye ah, taas oo ku dhiirigelisay farmashiyeyaasha inay sii wadaan kala saaridooda.Ka dib markii la kala tagoytterbium oxideiyoscandium oxideLaga soo bilaabo sed oksaydhized ah, Cliff wuxuu kala soocay laba oksaydhood oo elemental cusub ah 1879. Mid iyaga ka mid ah ayaa loo magacaabay thulium si loogu xuso waddankii Cliff ee Jasiiradda Iskandaneefiyaanka (Thulia), oo leh calaamadda curiyaha Tu iyo hadda Tm.Markii la helay thulium iyo curiyeyaasha kale ee dhifka ah ee dhulka, kala badhkii kale ee marxaladda saddexaad ee daahfurka curiyaha dhulku waa la dhammaystiray.
Habaynta korantada
Habaynta korantada
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f13
Thuliumwaa bir cad oo qalin ah oo leh ductility waxaana lagu gooyn karaa midi furan sababtoo ah jilicsanaanta jilicsan;Barta dhalaalka 1545 ° C, barta karkarinta 1947 ° C, cufnaanta 9.3208.
Thulium hawadu way xasiloon tahay;Thulium oxidewaa crystal cagaaran khafiif ah.Cusbada (milixda kala duwan) oksaydhiyeyaasha dhamaantood waa cagaar khafiif ah midab ahaan.
Codsiga
In kasta oo thulium uu naadir yahay oo qaali yahay, haddana waxa ay leedahay codsiyo meelo gaar ah.
Isha iftiinka dareeraha xoogga badan
Thulium waxaa badanaa lagu soo bandhigaa ilaha iftiinka dheecaanka sare leh ee qaabka halides daahirsanaanta sare leh (badanaa thulium bromide), iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in laga faa'iidaysto spectrum of thulium.
Laser
Saddex doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Ho: Cr: Tm: YAG) laser garaaca wadnaha adag waxaa lagu soo saari karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo thulium ion, chromium ion, iyo holium ion ee yttrium aluminium garnet, kaas oo soo saari kara mawjadaha dhererka 2097 nm;Waxa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa dhinacyada milatariga, caafimaadka, iyo saadaasha hawada.Dhererka hirarka leysarka ee ay sii deyso thulium doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Tm: YAG) laser garaaca garaaca wadnaha ee adag wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 1930 nm ilaa 2040 nm.Nadiifinta dusha sare ee unugyadu aad bay waxtar u leedahay, maadaama ay ka hortagi karto in xinjirtu ay aad u qoto dheeraato hawada iyo biyaha labadaba.Tani waxay ka dhigaysaa laser-ka thulium inay leeyihiin awood weyn oo lagu codsado qalliinka laser aasaasiga ah.Laser Thulium ayaa aad waxtar ugu leh in ay baabi'iso dusha unugyada sababtoo ah tamarteeda oo yar iyo awoodda wax galka, waxayna xinjirtaa iyada oo aan sababin dhaawacyo qoto dheer.Tani waxay ka dhigaysaa thulium lasers inay leeyihiin awood weyn oo lagu codsado qalliinka laysarka
Thulium doped laser
Isha raajada
Inkasta oo uu qaali yahay, qalabka raajooyinka ee la qaadi karo ee ay ku jiraan thulium ayaa bilaabay in si weyn loogu isticmaalo ilaha shucaaca ee falcelinta nukliyeerka.Ilahan shucaaca ah waxa ay nool yihiin ilaa hal sano waxaana loo isticmaali karaa sida qalabka lagu baadho caafimaadka iyo ilkaha, iyo sidoo kale qalabka lagu ogaado cilladaha qaybaha makaanikada iyo elektiroonigga ah ee ay adagtahay in lagu gaaro awood shaqaale.Ilaha shucaaca uma baahna ilaalin shucaac ah - kaliya qadar yar oo rasaas ah ayaa loo baahan yahay.Codsiga thulium 170 oo ah isha shucaaca ee daawaynta kansarka u dhow ayaa noqonaysa mid sii fidaysa.Isotope-kani waxa uu leeyahay nolol badhkeed oo ah 128.6 maalmood iyo shan xariiq oo sii daaya oo xoog badan (7.4, 51.354, 52.389, 59.4, and 84.253 kiloelectron volts).Thulium 170 sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah afarta ilaha shucaaca warshadaha ee inta badan la isticmaalo.
Qalab heer-ku-kulul sare leh
Si la mid ah yttrium, thulium sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa kondhodhiyeyaasha heerkulkoodu sarreeyo.Thulium waxay leedahay qiimaha isticmaalka suurtagalka ah ee ferrite sida maadada magnetic dhoobada ee loo isticmaalo qalabka microwave.Sababtoo ah spectrum gaar ah, thulium waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa iftiinka laambada arc sida scandium, iyo iftiinka cagaaran ee ay sii daayaan nalalka arc ee isticmaalaya thulium ma dabooli doono xadhkaha sii daaya ee walxaha kale.Sababtoo ah awoodda ay u leedahay inay sii dayso fluorescence buluug ah oo hoos yimaada shucaaca ultraviolet, thulium sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha ka hortagga been-abuurka ee lacagta euro-da.Fluorescence-ka buluuga ah ee ay soo saarto kaalshiyam sulfate oo lagu daray thulium ayaa loo isticmaalaa qiyaasta qiyaasta shucaaca si loo ogaado qiyaasta shucaaca.
Codsiyada kale
Sababtoo ah spectrum gaar ah, thulium waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa iftiinka laambada arc sida scandium, iyo iftiinka cagaarka ah ee ka soo baxaya nalalka arc ee ay ku jiraan thulium ma dabooli doono xadhkaha sii daaya ee walxaha kale.
Thulium waxay sii daysaa fluorescence buluug ah hoostiisa shucaaca ultraviolet, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha ka hortagga been abuurka ee warqadaha lacagta euro-da.
Euro oo hoos timaada shucaaca UV, oo leh calaamado liddi ku ah been abuurka oo muuqda
Waqtiga boostada: Agoosto-25-2023