Waa maxayDhulka dhif ah?
Bini aadamka waxay leeyihiin taariikh ka badan 200 oo sano tan iyo markii la helay dhul dhif ah sanadkii 1794. Tan iyo markii ay jiraan macdan yar oo macdanta ah ee aan dhif ahayn, kaliya qadar yar oo biyo ah ayaa laga heli karaa hab kiimiko ah. Taariikh ahaan, Dianista noocaas ah ayaa caado u ah "Dhulka", sidaa darteed magaca Dhulka Dhulka.
Xaqiiqdii, macdanta dhif ah ee dunida kuma naadirro dabiiciga. Dhulka dhif ah ma aha dhulka, laakiin qayb bir ah oo bir ah. Nooca firfircoon ayaa ah kan labaad oo keliya oo ah alkali biraha alkali iyo alkaline birta. Waxay leeyihiin wax ka badan dhalada ka badan naxafta naxariista, zinc, tin, cobalt, iyo nikkel.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, Dhul dhif ah ayaa si weyn loogu adeegsaday qaybo kala duwan sida elektiroonigga, petroomlumics, iwm.
Shiinaha ayaa hodan ku ah macdanta sanaadaalka dhulka ee dhif ah, marka horena lagu qiimeeyo sedex qiimeyn oo adduunka ah: kayd, qiyaasta wax soo saarka, iyo mugga dhoofinta. Isla mar ahaantaana Shiinaha sidoo kale waa wadanka kaliya ee bixin kara dhammaan 17 biqil dhif ah, gaar ahaan dhexdhexaadiyaha iyo dhulka dhif ah oo culus oo leh codsiyo ciidan oo aad u caan ah.
CUSUBKA DHAQANKA EE DHAQANKA
Waxyaabaha dhulka dhif ah waxay ka kooban yihiin walxaha Lanthanide miiska xilliyada xilliyada kiimikada ee walxaha kiimikaad:Lanthanum(LA),dalool(CE),praseyfium(PR),neqymium(Nd), prothothottorium (PM),Samaarium(SM),euperver(EU),dhaqdhaqaaqeexa(GD),teoolom(TB),'Dysprosium(Dy),holmium(Ho),errium(Er),Thulium(Tm),ytterbium(YB),laguutetium(Lu), iyo laba qaybood oo si dhow ula xidhiidha Lanthanide:scidka(SC) iyoytrium(Y).
Waxaa loo yaqaanDhulka dhif ah, iyaga oo loo soo gaabiyey sidii dhulka naadir ah.
Kala-saaridda qaybaha dhulka dhif ah
Waxaa lagu soocay astaamaha jirka iyo kiimikada ee walxaha:
Waxyaabaha dhulka dhif ah ee fudud:Scandium, ytrium, Lanthanum, Cirrant, Praseymium, NeyyyMIum, Protibitaalka, Samaarium, Europium
Waxyaabaha dhulka dhif ah ee culus:QARDOLInium, Terbium, Dysprosium, Holmum, Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Lutatium
Waxaa lagu soocay astaamaha macdanta:
Kooxda Gurmium:Lanthanum, Clim, Praseymium, nedoysmium, protithoium, Samaarium, euro
Kooxda yttium:Qallilium, Terbium, Dysprosium, Holfium, erhium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Lututium, scandium, ytrium
Kala soocida iyada oo loo soo saarayo kala-goynta:
Dhulka dhif ah oo fudud (P204 Soosaarka Aashitada daciifka ah): Lanthanum, Cirrium, Praseymium, Neyyoymium
Dhex-dhexaadka dhexdhexaadka ah (P204 Soosaarka uumiga ee uumiga):Samaarium, Eurolium, Gadolinium, Terbium, Dysprosium
Dhulka culus ee culus (soo saarida aashitada ee P204):Holmium, Erbium, Thulium, ytterbium, Lututium, Ytrium
Garsooyinku ee qaybaha dhulka dhif ah
In ka badan 50 shaqo oo ah cunsuryo badan oo dhulka ah ayaa laxiriira qaab dhismeedka elektiroonigga ah ee gaarka ah ee 4FF, iyaga oo si balaadhan loogu isticmaalo labada qalab ee caadiga ah iyo meelaha farsamada cusub ee teknolojiyada ah.
4F electront
1. Guryaha jidhka iyo kiimikada
★ Waxay leedahay guryaha macdanta ee muuqda; Waa lacag cawlan, marka laga reebo praseymium iyo nexyymium, waxay u muuqataa jaalle yar
★ midabada oxide ee hodanka ah
★ Foomka xeryahooda xasilloon oo leh biraha aan ahayn
★ Birta si kas ah
★ Way fududahay in lagu saxayo hawada
2 Guryaha Optopeelectonic
★ oo aan la buuxin 4f Subloyer, halkaas oo 4f elektrons ah ay gaashaaman tahay elektaroonig dibadda ah, taasoo dhalisay in ereyada kala duwan ee muuqaalka ah iyo heerar tamar ah
Marka 4f elektrons ah, ay ku nuugi karaan ama ka qaadi karaan shucaaca shucaaca kala duwan ee ka yimaada ultraviolet, oo loo arki karo in gobollada la soo rogay, iyaga oo ka dhigaya kuwo ku habboon aaladda ugu yar
★ Wadahadal wanaagsan, oo awood u leh diyaarinta biraha dhulka dhif ah ee habka elektaroonigga ah
Doorka 4f elektaroonigga ah ee qaybaha dhulka dhif ah ee agabyada cusub
1.Maxtiess-ka ayaa adeegsanaya 4F elektronic elektronic ah
★ 4f Footleront Electont:Waxaa loo muujiyey sida magnetism adag - oo ku habboon in loo isticmaalo maaddo magnet joogto ah, agabyada sawirka MRI, dareemayaasha magnetic, superconts, iwm
★ 4F Orbilka Gargaarka Electon: Waxaa loo muujiyey sidii guryaha la yareeyo
Kala-guurka Elektiroonigga ah ee Tilmaamaha Tilmaanta Heerarka ee 4F ee Tilmaamaha Tamarta: Waxaa loo muujiyaa inay tahay astaamaha midabaynta - oo ku habboon midabaynta iyo jabinta qaybaha tuugada kulul, midabka, saliidaha dhoobada, galaaska, iwm, iwm, iwm, iwm, iwm.
2 si aan toos ahayn ula xidhiidha elektarontront-ka, isticmaalka ionic radius, eed iyo astaamaha kiimikada
★ Astaamaha nukliyeerka:
Qeybta Isku-dhafka kuleylka ee dareeraha ah ee kuleylka ah
Qeybta Cashuurta ee Nutron Nutron Cathage - Ku habboon in la ilaaliyo ashyaa'da kuleylka ah ee dib-u-celinta nukliyeerka, iwm
★ Dhulka caajiska ah ee Dhulka, eed, guryaha jidhka iyo kiimikada:
ciladaha jiifka, xargaha la mid ah, guryaha kiimikada, guryaha kiimikada, eedeymaha kala duwan - oo ku habboon kuleylinta, cunnooyinka, dareenka dareenka, iwm, iwm, iwm
Gaarmis-dhismeedka
Guryaha indhaha ee indhaha iyo dilistawga ah - ku habboon in loo isticmaalo sida qalabka wax lagu beddelo ee iftiinka leh, dhoobada daah furnaanta, iwm
Waqtiga Post: Jul-06-2023